Psychology Chapter on Attention Processes
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What is the primary function of attention?

  • To enhance irrelevant information
  • To select and focus on specific stimuli (correct)
  • To suppress all stimuli
  • To maintain alertness

    • Selective attention allows an individual to focus on all stimuli equally.

    False (B)

    What are the two aspects of attention mentioned?

    Focal point and fringe of attention

    The theory that suggests information is selectively filtered is called _____ theory.

    <p>Filter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of attention with their descriptions:

    <p>Selective Attention = Focusing on specific stimuli while ignoring distractions Sustained Attention = Maintaining effort over long periods Divided Attention = Focusing on multiple tasks at once Fringe of Attention = Vague awareness of stimuli outside focus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of attention is primarily concerned with concentration?

    <p>Sustained Attention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Filter – Attenuation Theory was developed by Broadbent.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory of attention suggests that attention can switch between different stimuli?

    <p>Multimode Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does texture gradient help us perceive?

    <p>The distance of objects based on density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motion parallax is a binocular cue for depth perception.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which the eyes turn inward to focus on nearby objects called?

    <p>Convergence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tendency for perceived size of objects to remain unchanged despite changes in distance is known as __________.

    <p>Size Constancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of perceptual constancy with its description:

    <p>Size Constancy = Perceived size remains unchanged despite distance Shape Constancy = Shape remains perceived despite orientation changes Brightness Constancy = Brightness appears constant under different illumination Color Constancy = Colors appear stable despite variations in lighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors does NOT affect selective attention?

    <p>Spatial Uncertainty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sustained attention improves when stimuli appear at irregular intervals.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the process by which we interpret stimuli and give them meaning?

    <p>Perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Factors affecting sustained attention include __________, clarity of stimuli, temporal uncertainty, and spatial uncertainty.

    <p>sensory modality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the factors with their type of attention:

    <p>Motivational Factors = Selective Attention Cognitive Factors = Selective Attention Sensory Modality = Sustained Attention Temporal Uncertainty = Sustained Attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stimulus characteristics most effectively capture selective attention?

    <p>Large, bright, and moving stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive factors relate to biological and social needs in the context of attention.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one internal factor that affects selective attention.

    <p>Motivational Factors or Cognitive Factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intense and long-lasting stimuli facilitate __________ attention.

    <p>sustained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about spatial uncertainty is true?

    <p>Fixed locations are easier to focus on compared to random locations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of processing starts from the parts to recognize the whole?

    <p>Bottom-Up Processing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Top-Down Processing begins by recognizing the whole first.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the consistent way of dealing with our environment that affects perception?

    <p>Cognitive Styles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle that states objects close together are perceived as a group is known as the Principle of ______.

    <p>Proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following factors to their descriptions:

    <p>Motivation = Influences perception based on needs and desires Expectations = Affects perception by what we anticipate to see Cognitive Styles = Consistent coping methods that impact perception Cultural Background = Shapes perception based on diverse experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes form perception?

    <p>It organizes visual fields into meaningful wholes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cultural background does not play a significant role in perception.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the earliest form of perception organization described?

    <p>Figure-ground segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Motivation influences perception as people aim to satisfy their own ______.

    <p>needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Gestalt Psychologists, people perceive stimuli as:

    <p>An organized whole with a definite form (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle states that smaller areas tend to be seen as figures against a larger background?

    <p>Principle of Smallness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symmetrical areas are typically perceived as figures against symmetrical backgrounds.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of viewing the world in three dimensions?

    <p>depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle that suggests objects appearing to form a continuous pattern are perceived as belonging together is called the Principle of ______.

    <p>Continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following monocular cues with their descriptions:

    <p>Relative Size = Larger objects are perceived closer Aerial Perspective = Distant objects appear hazy Light and Shade = Parts of an object are highlighted or darkened Linear Perspective = Distant objects appear closer together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cue suggests that an object is perceived as farther away when it is overlapped by another object?

    <p>Overlapping (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Binocular cues require only one eye to perceive depth.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one principle that deals with how gaps in objects are filled by our perception.

    <p>Principle of Closure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the principles of perception, areas that are surrounded by others are typically perceived as ______.

    <p>figures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cue is NOT a monocular cue?

    <p>Binocular Disparity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attentional and Perceptual Processes

    • Attention is the process of selecting certain stimuli from a group of others.
    • Attention involves alertness, concentration, and search.
    • Alertness is the readiness to respond to stimuli.
    • Concentration is the focus on specific objects while ignoring others.
    • Search is the process of finding a specific object within a set of objects.
    • Attention has a focal point (maximum awareness) and a fringe (least awareness).
    • Focal point refers to the centre of awareness.
    • Fringe refers to vague ideas or stimuli outside the focal point of awareness.

    Types of Attention

    • Selective Attention: The ability to choose and focus on particular input while suppressing irrelevant or distracting information.

    Theories of Selective Attention

    • Filter Theory (Broadbent, 1956): Filters out irrelevant sensory information based on physical characteristics.
      • Inputs
      • Buffer
      • Filtering (based on physical properties)
      • Short-term memory.
    • Attenuation Theory (Treisman, 1962): Further refines the concept by suggesting filtering is not absolute, but rather stimuli are attenuated (reduced in strength) based on relevance.
      • Inputs
      • Buffer
      • Attenuator
      • Short-term memory

    Multimode Theory (Johnston & Heinz, 1978)

    • Attention is a flexible system allowing selection at three stages.
    • Stage One: Sensory representations (e.g., visual images) of stimuli are constructed.
    • Stage Two: Semantic representations (e.g., names of objects) are constructed.
    • Stage Three: Sensory and semantic representations enter consciousness.

    Sustained Attention

    • The ability to maintain focused attention and effort over time. Primarily concerned with concentration.

    Divided Attention

    • Focusing mental resources on multiple tasks or ideas simultaneously.

    Factors Affecting Attention

    • External factors (e.g., size, intensity, movement of stimuli)
    • Internal factors (e.g., motivation, interest, attitude, preparatory set)
    • Sensory Modality
    • Clarity of Stimuli
    • Temporal Uncertainty
    • Spatial Uncertainty

    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

    • A behavioural disorder characterized by impulsivity, excessive activity, and difficulty focusing.
    • Characteristically more common in boys than girls.
    • Can persist into adolescence and adulthood.

    Perceptual Processes

    • Perception is interpreting sensory stimuli to give meaning to them.
    • Bottom-up processing: Recognizing stimuli from their components.
    • Top-down processing: Recognizing stimuli based on prior knowledge and context.

    Factors Influencing Perception

    • Motivation
    • Expectations
    • Cognitive Styles
    • Culture/ Background and Experiences

    Perceptual Laws of Organisation

    • Proximity: Objects close together are perceived as a group.
    • Similarity: Similar objects are grouped together.
    • Continuity: Objects that form a continuous pattern are perceived as a group.
    • Closure: Incomplete objects are perceived as whole.
    • Symmetry: Symmetrical areas are perceived as a group.
    • Surroundedness: Objects surrounded by others are often perceived as the figure.

    Perceptual Constancies

    • Size constancy: Perceived size remains consistent despite changes in distance from the observer.
    • Shape constancy: The shape of an object remains consistent despite changes in its retinal image.
    • Brightness constancy: Perceived brightness remains consistent despite changes in illumination.

    Depth Perception

    • Relative size
    • Overlapping
    • Linear perspective
    • Aerial perspective
    • Light and shade
    • Relative height
    • Texture gradient
    • Motion parallax
    • Retinal (or binocular) disparity
    • Convergence
    • Accommodation

    Illusions

    • Misperceptions due to misinterpretation of sensory information.
    • Some are universal, others are influenced by culture or experience.
    • Examples: Muller-Lyer, Vertical-Horizontal, Apparent Movement.

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    Attention and Perceptual Processes Notes 2024-25 PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of attentional and perceptual processes in this quiz. Learn about the various types of attention, focusing mechanisms, and the Filter Theory of selective attention. Test your understanding of how we manage sensory input and concentrate on relevant information.

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