Psychology Chapter on Attachment and Development

Questions and Answers

What is the first stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Sensorimotor stage (correct)

Formal operational stage

Concrete operational stage

Preoperational stage

Which concept reflects the understanding that objects continue to exist even when not observed?

Object permanence (correct)

Disequilibrium

Accommodation

Adaptation

During which stage do children typically begin to use logical thinking?

Formal operational stage

Sensorimotor stage

Preoperational stage

Concrete operational stage (correct)

What is the process called when a child's scheme is adjusted to incorporate new information?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

The ability of a child to recognize that a dog and a cat are different animals is an example of which cognitive process?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What typically signifies a moment of disequilibrium in child development?

The child forms a new scheme after recognizing a mistake. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of Lorenz's gosling study?

To investigate if goslings attach to the first thing they see Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget, how do the stages of cognitive development occur?

In the same sequence for everyone, but timing may vary Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic of the sensorimotor stage of development?

Learning through interaction with the environment Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of prenatal development does the heart begin to beat?

Embryonic stage Signup and view all the answers

What happens after a zygote attaches itself to the uterine wall?

The zygote begins rapid cell division Signup and view all the answers

What key event occurs during the fetal stage of prenatal development?

Growth and finishing of the body Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the placenta during the zygote stage?

To filter nutrients and waste Signup and view all the answers

What did Lorenz conclude about the behavior of goslings?

They have an innate drive to imprint on the first living object they see Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the germinal stage of prenatal development?

The placenta begins to develop Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct sequence of prenatal development stages?

Zygote, Embryo, Fetus Signup and view all the answers

What is the concept of conservation in the preoperational stage?

Understanding that quantities remain the same despite changes in appearance. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reasoning is exemplified by stating that 'making dinner causes dad to come home'?

Syncretic reasoning Signup and view all the answers

How do children in the preoperational stage typically perceive time?

They equate time intervals with playtime. Signup and view all the answers

Which developmental abilities are exhibited by children in the preoperational stage?

Basic numerical abilities and improved speech communication. Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'egocentric' describe in the context of child development?

A child's tendency to think about themselves predominantly. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes intuitive reasoning in young children?

Guessing based on perceptions rather than logic. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is not fully understood by children in the preoperational stage?

Conservation of matter. Signup and view all the answers

During which age range does the preoperational stage of development occur?

From 2 to about 7 years. Signup and view all the answers

What key characteristic defines the sensorimotor stage of development?

Exploration through senses and motor activity Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary limitation of children in the preoperational stage?

Inability to think about relationships between objects Signup and view all the answers

Egocentrism in children is best described as their inability to:

Understand others' perspectives Signup and view all the answers

How does the three-mountains task assess a child's cognitive ability?

Determines their level of egocentrism Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of developing a theory of mind in preschoolers?

They start to understand others' mental states. Signup and view all the answers

What does animism in preschoolers refer to?

Believing that inanimate objects can perform human-like actions Signup and view all the answers

At what age range does Piaget suggest children are in the preoperational stage?

2-6 or 7 years Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of object permanence?

Understanding that objects exist independently of perception Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the concrete operational stage typically begin?

7 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of thinking in the concrete operational stage?

Conservation of quantity Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'reversibility' refer to in Piaget's concrete operational stage?

The ability for things to return to their original condition Signup and view all the answers

When does the formal operational stage of cognitive development typically start?

Around age 12 Signup and view all the answers

What ability is developed during the formal operational stage that distinguishes it from earlier stages?

Ability to use symbols and reason abstractly Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Vygotsky's view on social interaction in cognitive development?

It creates consciousness and awareness. Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) refer to?

A person who has a higher level of understanding than the learner Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the criticisms of Piaget's theory mentioned in the content?

Underestimated the capabilities of infants Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Goslings and Attachment

Lorenz discovered imprinting in animal behavior, observing that goslings attach to the first moving object they see.
Conducted a study in 1952, dividing goslings into two groups: one saw their mother, the other saw Lorenz first.
Results showed half the goslings followed their mother, while the other half followed Lorenz, indicating an innate drive to attach.
Findings align with Bowlby’s theory of a biological readiness to bond with caregivers from birth.

Prenatal Development

Conception occurs when a sperm penetrates an ovum, creating a zygote.
Normal gestation lasts 280 days (40 weeks) post-fertilization, though it can be calculated as 266 days from the date of ovulation.
Divided into three stages: Germinal (Weeks 0-2), Embryonic (Weeks 3-8), and Fetal (Weeks 9 until birth).
Key events in these stages include fertilization, implantation, and significant organ development.

Key Events in Prenatal Development

Zygote (2 weeks): Rapid cell division, implantation in the uterus, formation of the placenta.
Embryo (6 weeks): Heartbeat begins, development of the central nervous system and major organs.
Fetus (30 weeks): Growth and finishing stage, preparing for birth.

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

Cognitive development happens in four stages: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, and Formal Operational.
Stages follow a specific order, though timing may vary among individuals.

Sensorimotor Stage

Duration: Birth to around 2 years; characterized by exploration using senses and motor activities.
Key concept: Object permanence – understanding that objects continue to exist even when not observed.
Infants learn cause and effect, but initially cannot distinguish self from the environment.

Preoperational Stage

Age range: 2 to 6-7 years; marked by egocentric thinking and limited mental operations.
Development of language and understanding of object permanence occurs.
Egocentrism restricts children’s ability to see from others' perspectives.
Engaging in pretend play and attributing human-like traits to inanimate objects is common.

Theory of Mind

Preschools start to understand others' mental states, developing theory of mind.
Children learn that others may hold beliefs different from their own, exemplified through tasks like the "Sally-Anne" test.

Conservation in Preoperational Stage

Children struggle with the conservation concept, believing quantity changes when appearance alters (e.g., liquid in different shaped containers).
Tend to rely on intuitive reasoning, often leading to illogical conclusions.

Concrete Operational Stage

Ages 7 to 11; children can perform logical thinking regarding concrete materials.
Understanding conservation and reversibility develops, allowing them to mentally manipulate and transform quantities.
Capable of basic mathematical reasoning.

Formal Operational Stage

Begins around age 12; abstract reasoning and systematic thinking emerge.
Ability for metacognition increases; children can evaluate their thoughts and solve complex problems.
Some individuals may not reach this stage in all areas of thought.

Criticisms of Piaget’s Theory

Underestimated the capabilities of younger children and infants.
Focused heavily on individual knowledge, neglecting cultural influences on cognitive development.
Overlooked the variability in development across different domains.

Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Emphasizes social interaction as crucial for cognitive development.
Concept of the More Knowledgeable Other (MKO) highlights the impact of guidance from individuals with greater knowledge on learning processes.
Language plays a key role in internalizing socially conveyed learning.

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Description

Explore the principles of gosling attachment behavior as discovered by Lorenz, emphasizing the significance of imprinting in animal psychology. Additionally, delve into the stages of prenatal development, covering critical events from conception to birth. This quiz will enhance your understanding of attachment theory and the biological processes involved in human gestation.