Psychology Chapter: Freud's Psychosexual Theory
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Questions and Answers

In the Mr Clean/Mr Dirty study, what effect did encountering an impressive competitor have on the subjects' self-esteem?

  • Increase in self-esteem
  • Decrease in self-esteem (correct)
  • Self-esteem remained the same
  • No effect on self-esteem

    • Most people tend to evaluate themselves in an unrealistically negative way.

    False

    What percentage of students rated themselves above average in 'leadership ability' in the large survey mentioned?

    70%

    People’s observations of their own behavior are not entirely __________.

    <p>objective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Positive distortion = Evaluating oneself more favorably than is accurate Negative distortion = Viewing oneself less favorably than is accurate Subjectivity = The influence of personal bias on self-perception Social comparison = Judging oneself based on the abilities of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological period follows the phallic stage?

    <p>Latency stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives the id according to Freud's theory?

    <p>Pleasure principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud believed that unresolved conflicts in the phallic stage can lead to difficulties in adulthood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The superego develops after the ego according to Freud's theory.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process in which a child adopts the characteristics of the same-sex parent?

    <p>Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the ___ stage, the child's libido is dormant.

    <p>Latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the biological energy resulting from the id?

    <p>libido</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ mediates between the demands of the id and the pressures of external reality.

    <p>ego</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages with their descriptions:

    <p>Phallic Stage = Involves the development of penis envy Latency Stage = Sexual impulses are dormant Genital Stage = Altruistic love for others begins Self-concept = Personality structure according to Carl Rogers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the genital stage according to Freud?

    <p>Sexual instinct is directed to altruistic motives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following parts of personality with their descriptions:

    <p>Id = Driven by the pleasure principle Ego = Mediates between id and external reality Superego = Represents the morality principle Libido = Biological energy for pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the role of the superego?

    <p>It punishes us with guilt for ignoring social rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Carl Rogers divided personality structure into multiple constructs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud emphasized that only nature influences personality development.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defense mechanism allows sexual energy to be redirected towards school work or hobbies during the latency stage?

    <p>Sublimation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Freud believed that the proper outlet for the sexual instinct in adults is through ___ intercourse.

    <p>heterosexual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-concept primarily refer to?

    <p>Collection of beliefs about oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The self-concept is described as a single dimension without any complexities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term do Markus and other psychologists use to describe the self-concept that is currently accessible?

    <p>working self-concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-schemas are developed from past experiences and are concerned with one's __________ traits.

    <p>personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Self-concept = A collection of beliefs about oneself Working self-concept = The currently accessible self-concept Possible selves = Conceptions of what one might become in the future Self-schemas = Organized beliefs relating to aspects of oneself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes 'possible selves'?

    <p>Concepts of what the self could achieve or become</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each self-schema influences how individuals interpret and process information about themselves.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences possible selves according to Markus?

    <p>Past experiences, current behavior, and future expectations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The beliefs that individuals hold about their __________ can include both strengths and weaknesses.

    <p>self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of belief included within self-schemas?

    <p>World knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-discrepancy?

    <p>The gap between one's actual self and the self they aspire to be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Positive selves are images that one wants to achieve.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three types of self-perceptions according to self-discrepancy theory?

    <p>Actual self, ideal self, ought self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When the actual self is at odds with the ideal self, individuals may experience ______ emotions.

    <p>dejection-related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of self-perceptions with their definitions:

    <p>Actual self = Qualities that one truly possesses Ideal self = Desired characteristics one aspires to have Ought self = Traits one believes they should have Self-discrepancy = Mismatching of self-perceptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What emotion is likely to be triggered when one's actual self does not meet their ought self?

    <p>Guilt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-esteem increases when individuals meet their personal standards.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What relationship does Tiffany's self-discrepancy illustrate?

    <p>Dissatisfaction and dejection due to not meeting her ideal self</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Possible selves can be both positive and ______.

    <p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions indicates a self-discrepancy?

    <p>Experiencing sadness due to being shy while wanting to be outgoing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Personality

    • Personality is defined as stable, internal factors that make one person's behaviour consistent over time and different from others' actions in similar situations.
    • Individualistic cultures prioritise self-directedness and autonomy, emphasizing individuality and personal characteristics.
    • Collectivistic cultures emphasize interdependence, family, relationships, and conformity to social norms that describe roles and expectations.

    Reliability vs Validity

    • Reliability refers to the consistency of personality assessment results across situations and time.
    • Validity refers to whether a test accurately measures the intended personality aspects.
    • Reliable tests produce similar results with repeated use; valid tests accurately assess the target personality traits.

    Theories of Personality

    • Freud's Psychoanalytic Approach: The unconscious mind is a reservoir of thoughts, feelings, and memories; personality is shaped by early childhood experiences.
      • The id is the biological aspect driven by the pleasure principle.
      • The ego mediates between the id and superego, operating on the reality principle.
      • The superego represents social and moral standards.
    • Trait Theories: Personality is composed of a set of enduring traits that describe an individual's characteristics and behaviours.
    • Social Cognitive Theories: Personality is shaped by both internal factors and the environment. People's thoughts and feelings influence their behaviour, and their behaviour in turn influences their thoughts and feelings.

    Defence Mechanisms

    • Unconscious strategies used by the ego to defend against anxiety stemming from conflicts between the id and superego.
    • These mechanisms can involve:
      • Regression
      • Reaction formation
      • Projection
      • Rationalisation
      • Displacement
      • Denial

    Psychosexual Stages

    • Freud's theory of development, where personality develops during childhood through a series of stages in which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on different erogenous zones.

    The Self and Its Development

    • The self-concept, as conceptualised by Carl Rogers, consists of self-beliefs, qualities, and typical behaviours.
    • Self-schemas are organised clusters of beliefs about ourselves.
    • Possible selves are ideas about how one might become in the future.

    Self-Esteem

    • Self-esteem refers to how one views personal worth, forming part of the self-concept evaluation.
    • It tends to fluctuate over time.
    • There are various factors influencing self-esteem.

    Self-Discrepancy Theory

    • There are three self-perceptions:
      • actual self
      • ideal self
      • ought self.
    • Discrepancy between these self-perceptions generates specific feelings.

    Social Comparison

    • Comparing oneself to others to form feelings about competence and well-being can influence self-concept and esteem.

    Cultural Values

    • Cultural values influence the self-concept by dictating what is considered desirable and undesirable.
    • Individualistic cultures emphasize self-reliance and uniqueness.
    • Collectivistic cultures emphasize collective well-being and group harmony.

    Self-Efficacy

    • Self-efficacy refers to confidence in one's ability to perform a specific activity or reach a goal.
    • It comprises four sources:
      • Mastery experiences
      • Vicarious experiences
      • Persuasion and encouragement
      • Interpretation of emotional arousal.

    Self-Regulation

    • Self-regulation is the process of controlling one's behaviour in order to achieve personal goals.
    • Examples of self-defeating behavior include deliberate self-destruction, trade-offs, and counterproductive strategies.
    • Self-regulation can fail, stemming from either internal or external factors

    Self-Presentation

    • Self-presentation is how we present ourselves to others; it involves how we want others to perceive us and involves several strategies.
    • These include:
      • Ingratiation
      • Self-promotion
      • Exemplification
      • Intimidation
    • Self-presentation can be influenced by cultural and social factors.

    Self-Monitoring

    • Self-monitoring is the degree to which people are concerned about how others perceive them and behave accordingly.
    • High self-monitors are more concerned with creating positive impressions on others.
    • Low self-monitors are more spontaneous and congruent with their internal beliefs and values.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on Freud's psychosexual stages, including concepts like the id, ego, and superego. This quiz examines key ideas about self-esteem, the phallic stage, and developmental psychology. Challenge yourself with questions about the effects of competition and leadership perceptions.

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