Psychology Chapter Attention (Part 1)

<p>The range of visual attention based on task demands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Top-down processing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To process attended messages for meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants can identify some characteristics of the unattended messages. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention is focused on whole objects rather than isolated features. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hard tasks make divided attention challenging and can negatively affect performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Participants struggled more with verbal responses when the task required them to remember a sentence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Selection Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complexity of the tasks being performed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It filters based on meaning, language, and physical characteristics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consciously directing cognitive resources to specific stimuli. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention can expand and contract like a camera lens. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Specific objects in the visual field are prioritized over others. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It mainly benefits simpler tasks but hinders more complex tasks. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Late Selection Model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practice helps to perform two difficult tasks simultaneously. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Environmental distractions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both attended and some unattended information are processed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When the tasks require extensive cognitive resources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schneider &amp; Shiffrin (1977) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Zoom lens model. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The meaning of biasing words can influence decision-making. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early Selection Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Listening to music while studying. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is relatively easy and requires minimal cognitive resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object-based attention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Influence of expectations and prior knowledge on perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Determines the degree of attentional selection employed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object-based Attention Model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Driving a car while having a conversation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attenuator (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is processed with full strength. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common words (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial processing of unattended messages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection happens after all information has been analyzed for meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Object-based attention (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attention can adjust its size to include more objects or details. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is driven by internal knowledge and expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Words require a stronger signal to activate. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store words and their thresholds for activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The complexity of the tasks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>When both tasks require similar cognitive resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unattended messages receive minimal processing but may influence responses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Practice can enhance the ability to perform multiple demanding tasks simultaneously (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Driving in a new environment while having a conversation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It filters messages based on physical characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The gender of the speaker. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are processed but at a reduced strength. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High task load limits the effectiveness of selective attention. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selective attention. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It recognizes words with varying thresholds for activation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They remembered some physical characteristics of the unattended message. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Competition for cognitive resources (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Broadbent’s Early Selection Model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Verbal responses were more difficult due to task competition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>McKay’s Late Selection Model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-load tasks necessitate early filtering of irrelevant information. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negatively affects performance due to increased interference. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensory information is filtered before it reaches perception. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can hinder the effectiveness of multitasking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows some unattended stimuli to be processed based on meaning. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability to focus on one thing while ignoring others.

An experiment where different messages are presented to each ear, and participants are asked to repeat one of the messages.

A theory of selective attention proposing that a filter identifies and emphasizes the attended message based on physical attributes. It screens information very early.

The ability to focus on one conversation amidst a noisy environment.

Repeating a message presented to you, to maintain focus on a single input.

The message a person is actively focusing on.

The message a person is not actively listening to.

A theory of attention that suggests that a filter identifies attended information very early in the process.

Difficult tasks may make it harder to focus on multiple things at once. This doesn't mean divided attention is impossible but it can be negatively impact performance.

Studies like Strayer & Johnston (2001) show that talking on a cell phone, even hands-free, can impair driving performance.

Performing similar tasks, like in verbal responses to a sentence, can lead to competition for cognitive resources, and decreased performance in both tasks.

The ability to focus on multiple stimuli at once.

A model of attention that proposes a filter that filters sound based on meaning, language or physical characteristics.

A model of attention suggesting that filtering occurs based on the meaning and significance of a stimulus (sound).

A study that investigated the effects of talking on hands-free cell phones on driving performance.

A study about the effects of different responses on memorization tasks.

A study demonstrating late-selection effects by showing that participants' choices were influenced by the meaning of unattended words even though they claimed not to have heard them.

The amount of cognitive effort required to complete a task. High-load tasks need more mental resources, while low-load tasks need fewer.

The idea that the way attention works can vary depending on the task being performed. High-load tasks may favor early selection, while low-load tasks may allow for late selection.

With practice, people can improve their ability to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.

Researchers who studied divided attention using experiments involving detecting targets in rapidly presented frames.

Three main factors influence how well we can divide our attention: skill, task difficulty, and individual differences.

More difficult tasks require more cognitive resources, making it harder to divide attention.

People vary in their ability to divide attention, even with the same tasks.

The mental energy we use to process information.

The tasks we are actively paying attention to.

Tasks we are not focusing on, but still might be processed to some extent.

A theory of attention that proposes that the unattended message is not completely blocked out, but rather 'attenuated' (weakened) by an attenuator.

A mechanism in Treisman's theory that analyzes incoming messages based on physical characteristics, language, and meaning.

A component of Treisman's theory that stores words and their activation thresholds.

The minimum signal strength needed for a word to be activated in the dictionary unit.

Treisman's Attenuation Theory differs from Broadbent's Filter Model by allowing some processing of unattended information.

The attenuator analyzes incoming messages for physical characteristics, language, and meaning. It then attenuates (weakens) the unattended message, while the attended message is processed fully.

The unattended message is attenuated, meaning it's processed but not as deeply as the attended message.

Treisman's model suggests that selection can occur early (at the attenuator) or late (at the dictionary unit) depending on the information being processed.

Treisman's Attenuation Theory provided a more nuanced explanation of attention by acknowledging processing of unattended information.

With practice, we can improve our ability to pay attention to multiple tasks at once. The more skilled we are, the better we can divide attention.

Our mental energy (cognitive resources) is limited. Hard tasks use more of these resources, making it harder to focus on other things.

This theory suggests that instead of blocking out unimportant sounds, we weaken their strength, making them less noticeable.