Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does Broadbent's Filter Model primarily focus on?
What does Broadbent's Filter Model primarily focus on?
- Filtering messages before they are analyzed (correct)
- The emotional aspects of attention
- Visual cues in attention management
- The analysis of incoming information for meaning
In Treisman’s Attenuation Theory, what occurs to unattended messages?
In Treisman’s Attenuation Theory, what occurs to unattended messages?
- They are filtered out at the sensory store.
- They are completely disregarded.
- They are only partially processed. (correct)
- They are processed for meaning on the same level as attended messages.
What phenomenon describes the ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment?
What phenomenon describes the ability to focus on one conversation in a noisy environment?
- Filter effect
- Shadowing technique
- Cocktail party effect (correct)
- Selective processing
Which aspect is addressed by the Zoom Lens Model of attention?
Which aspect is addressed by the Zoom Lens Model of attention?
What type of processing is described as drawing from prior knowledge to interpret information?
What type of processing is described as drawing from prior knowledge to interpret information?
What is the main function of the Detector in Broadbent’s Filter Model?
What is the main function of the Detector in Broadbent’s Filter Model?
What is an implication of the Dichotic Listening Task regarding unattended messages?
What is an implication of the Dichotic Listening Task regarding unattended messages?
What does object-based attention suggest about the way we process visual stimuli?
What does object-based attention suggest about the way we process visual stimuli?
How does task difficulty impact divided attention?
How does task difficulty impact divided attention?
In the study by Brooks (1968), how did participants react differently based on the response condition?
In the study by Brooks (1968), how did participants react differently based on the response condition?
Which model suggests that sound is filtered based on physical characteristics?
Which model suggests that sound is filtered based on physical characteristics?
What key factor affects the ability to divide attention?
What key factor affects the ability to divide attention?
According to Treisman's theory, how does the attentuator function in processing stimuli?
According to Treisman's theory, how does the attentuator function in processing stimuli?
What is the primary focus of the Spotlight Model of Attention?
What is the primary focus of the Spotlight Model of Attention?
In the context of attention, what does the Zoom Lens Model describe?
In the context of attention, what does the Zoom Lens Model describe?
What does object-based attention emphasize in its processing?
What does object-based attention emphasize in its processing?
How does divided attention relate to task performance?
How does divided attention relate to task performance?
Which model explains how irrelevant stimuli are filtered out based on their meaning?
Which model explains how irrelevant stimuli are filtered out based on their meaning?
What is the effect of practice on divided attention?
What is the effect of practice on divided attention?
Which factor does NOT affect the possibility of dividing attention?
Which factor does NOT affect the possibility of dividing attention?
In the late selection model of attention, which of the following occurs?
In the late selection model of attention, which of the following occurs?
In what scenario might divided attention NOT be effective?
In what scenario might divided attention NOT be effective?
Which research study examined the ability to detect targets in rapidly presented frames?
Which research study examined the ability to detect targets in rapidly presented frames?
Which model suggests that an individual focuses on an object and adjusts the area of focus accordingly?
Which model suggests that an individual focuses on an object and adjusts the area of focus accordingly?
What aspect of attention is primarily illustrated by MacKay's experiment regarding word processing?
What aspect of attention is primarily illustrated by MacKay's experiment regarding word processing?
In a high-load task scenario, which selection model of attention is most likely to be utilized?
In a high-load task scenario, which selection model of attention is most likely to be utilized?
What is an example of divided attention in everyday activities?
What is an example of divided attention in everyday activities?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a low-load task?
Which of the following statements accurately describes a low-load task?
Which type of attention focuses on objects rather than just the space around them?
Which type of attention focuses on objects rather than just the space around them?
Which of the following best describes top-down processing in attention?
Which of the following best describes top-down processing in attention?
How does task load influence access to visual attention mechanisms?
How does task load influence access to visual attention mechanisms?
Which model suggests that attention can be directed at different aspects of visual stimuli simultaneously?
Which model suggests that attention can be directed at different aspects of visual stimuli simultaneously?
Which of the following actions exemplifies ineffective divided attention?
Which of the following actions exemplifies ineffective divided attention?
Which component of Treisman's Attenuation Theory is responsible for analyzing incoming messages based on physical characteristics?
Which component of Treisman's Attenuation Theory is responsible for analyzing incoming messages based on physical characteristics?
How does the highlighted attended message differ from the unattended message in Treisman's model?
How does the highlighted attended message differ from the unattended message in Treisman's model?
In Treisman's model, which type of words would have a low threshold for activation?
In Treisman's model, which type of words would have a low threshold for activation?
What does the term 'leaky filter model' refer to in Treisman's theory?
What does the term 'leaky filter model' refer to in Treisman's theory?
What does the late-selection model of attention propose?
What does the late-selection model of attention propose?
In the context of attention, which concept refers to the ability to focus on one object while ignoring others?
In the context of attention, which concept refers to the ability to focus on one object while ignoring others?
The ‘Zoom Lens Model’ of attention suggests what about the focus of attention?
The ‘Zoom Lens Model’ of attention suggests what about the focus of attention?
What is a key characteristic of top-down processing in attention?
What is a key characteristic of top-down processing in attention?
What does a higher threshold for activation indicate in Treisman's dictionary unit?
What does a higher threshold for activation indicate in Treisman's dictionary unit?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Dictionary Unit in Treisman's model?
Which of the following best describes the function of the Dictionary Unit in Treisman's model?
Which factor significantly influences the ability to divide attention while performing tasks?
Which factor significantly influences the ability to divide attention while performing tasks?
Under what condition is divided attention least likely to be effective?
Under what condition is divided attention least likely to be effective?
What does the late selection model of attention suggest about processing attended and unattended messages?
What does the late selection model of attention suggest about processing attended and unattended messages?
How does practice affect performance in tasks that require divided attention?
How does practice affect performance in tasks that require divided attention?
In the context of task load, which scenario is most likely to employ high-load tasks?
In the context of task load, which scenario is most likely to employ high-load tasks?
What is the primary aspect of Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention?
What is the primary aspect of Broadbent’s Filter Model of Attention?
In the context of the dichotic listening task, what could participants accurately identify from the unattended message?
In the context of the dichotic listening task, what could participants accurately identify from the unattended message?
What does Treisman’s Attenuation Theory suggest about unattended messages?
What does Treisman’s Attenuation Theory suggest about unattended messages?
How does task load influence the ability to divide attention?
How does task load influence the ability to divide attention?
Which phenomenon describes the ability to focus on a single message in a crowded environment?
Which phenomenon describes the ability to focus on a single message in a crowded environment?
In Treisman’s attenuation model, what role does the 'Dictionary Unit' serve?
In Treisman’s attenuation model, what role does the 'Dictionary Unit' serve?
Which statement best describes the outcome of Cherry's 1953 experiment on selective attention?
Which statement best describes the outcome of Cherry's 1953 experiment on selective attention?
What primarily contributes to the difficulty in responding when performing similar types of tasks simultaneously?
What primarily contributes to the difficulty in responding when performing similar types of tasks simultaneously?
Which model suggests that attention filters stimuli based on their physical characteristics?
Which model suggests that attention filters stimuli based on their physical characteristics?
In Brooks' experiment, how did the task response conditions affect participants' performance?
In Brooks' experiment, how did the task response conditions affect participants' performance?
Which attention model indicates that meaning influences how stimuli are processed?
Which attention model indicates that meaning influences how stimuli are processed?
How do high-load tasks affect the selection of attention compared to low-load tasks?
How do high-load tasks affect the selection of attention compared to low-load tasks?
What is the effect of divided attention on performance when tasks are categorized as similar?
What is the effect of divided attention on performance when tasks are categorized as similar?
What aspect of attention is highlighted by the early selection model?
What aspect of attention is highlighted by the early selection model?
What effect does task difficulty have on divided attention during simultaneous tasks?
What effect does task difficulty have on divided attention during simultaneous tasks?
In what way does Treisman's Attenuation Model differ from Broadbent’s early selection model?
In what way does Treisman's Attenuation Model differ from Broadbent’s early selection model?
Flashcards
Selective Attention
Selective Attention
The ability to focus on one thing while ignoring others.
Dichotic Listening Task
Dichotic Listening Task
An experiment where different messages are presented to each ear, and participants are asked to repeat one of the messages.
Broadbent's Filter Model
Broadbent's Filter Model
A theory of selective attention proposing that a filter identifies and emphasizes the attended message based on physical attributes. It screens information very early.
Cocktail Party Effect
Cocktail Party Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Shadowing
Shadowing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attended Message
Attended Message
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unattended Message
Unattended Message
Signup and view all the flashcards
Early-selection model
Early-selection model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task Difficulty & Divided Attention
Task Difficulty & Divided Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cell Phone Use & Driving
Cell Phone Use & Driving
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task Type Similarity
Task Type Similarity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Divided Attention
Divided Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intermediate Selection Model
Intermediate Selection Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Late Selection Model
Late Selection Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Strayer & Johnston (2001) study
Strayer & Johnston (2001) study
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brooks (1968) study
Brooks (1968) study
Signup and view all the flashcards
MacKay's Experiment
MacKay's Experiment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task Load
Task Load
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task-Dependant Attention
Task-Dependant Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skill Effect of Practice
Skill Effect of Practice
Signup and view all the flashcards
Schneider & Shiffrin (1977)
Schneider & Shiffrin (1977)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Factors Affecting Divided Attention
Factors Affecting Divided Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Task Difficulty
Task Difficulty
Signup and view all the flashcards
Individual Differences
Individual Differences
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cognitive Resources
Cognitive Resources
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attended Tasks
Attended Tasks
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unattended Tasks
Unattended Tasks
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attenuation Theory
Attenuation Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Attenuator
Attenuator
Signup and view all the flashcards
Dictionary Unit
Dictionary Unit
Signup and view all the flashcards
Threshold
Threshold
Signup and view all the flashcards
Treisman's Model (vs. Broadbent's)
Treisman's Model (vs. Broadbent's)
Signup and view all the flashcards
How does the Attenuation Theory work?
How does the Attenuation Theory work?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens to the unattended message?
What happens to the unattended message?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the stages of attention?
What are the stages of attention?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Importance of Treisman's Model
Importance of Treisman's Model
Signup and view all the flashcards
Skill & Divided Attention
Skill & Divided Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cognitive Resources & Divided Attention
Cognitive Resources & Divided Attention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Treisman's Attenuation Theory
Treisman's Attenuation Theory
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Attention (Part 1)
- Attention is the process of focusing on specific features of the environment, thoughts, or activities.
- It is selective, excluding other environmental features.
- Attention is limited in capacity and timing.
- It can be overt (consciously attending) or covert (some information grabs attention).
- Attention is involved in perception (visual and auditory), memory, language, and problem-solving.
Selective Attention
- Selective attention is the ability to focus on one thing and ignore others.
- It's difficult to focus on two messages presented simultaneously.
- Examples of experiments demonstrate this difficulty. Cherry's 1953 dichotic listening task is one example.
Broadbent's Filter Model of Attention
- An early selection model.
- Incoming information is filtered before analysis for meaning.
- The filter identifies attended messages based on physical characteristics (e.g., voice, pitch).
- Unattended messages are removed, leaving only the attended message. The model is described as a "Leaky Filter", in which some unattended information can leak through to the next stage.
- This model has limitations as later research shows information is processed before being filtered.
Treisman's Attenuation Theory
- An early to intermediate selection model.
- It replaced the filter with an attenuator.
- The attenuator analyzes incoming information by physical characteristics, language, and meaning.
- The attended message is processed at full strength, while unattended messages are attenuated (weakened).
- A dictionary unit contains words with varying thresholds for activation. Important or common words have low thresholds, which allows them to be processed even when attenuated. Your name has a low threshold!
Late Selection Model
- Selection of stimuli for processing occurs after analysis for meaning.
- The final processing stage outputs the attended (strong) message, plus important parts of the weaker unattended message.
- MacKay's 1973 experiment demonstrated participants' choices were influenced by unattended information.
Task Load and Divided Attention
- Task load (difficulty) influences the ability to divide attention.
- High-load tasks (e.g., complex problem-solving) are best performed with early-selection attention and utilize most cognitive resources.
- Low-load tasks (e.g., listening to music) allow for additional tasks as cognitive resources are readily available.
- Skill plays a crucial role; practice can improve multitasking ability and improve automatic processes.
Skill and Practice
- Repeated practice of a task leads to its processing becoming automatic.
- Divided attention becomes possible after sufficient practice, because automatic processing uses less cognitive resources.
- Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment demonstrated the impact of practice on divided attention in a task with consistent targets.
Effect of Task Difficulty
- Difficult tasks reduce the ability to divide attention.
- Divided attention is complicated when similar tasks compete for cognitive resources.
- Strayer and Johnston's study on cell phone use while driving illustrates how difficult tasks (driving) are affected by additional concurrent tasks (phone conversation).
Effect of Task Type
- Task type (the nature of a task) impacts the success of divided attention.
- Experiments by Brooks (1968) highlight the competition experienced when responding to a demanding verbal task is compared to a spatial pointing task.
Visual Attention
- Visual attention is the mechanism by which we focus on certain aspects of a visual scene.
- People can see the gist of a scene even if it is displayed briefly.
- Change blindness: Difficulty detecting changes in scenes, especially small details. This is because these parts of the scene are not processed fully.
Models for Visual Attention
- Spotlight Model: Attention operates on a particular location.
- Zoom Lens Model: Attention can expand or contract in a specific area.
- Object-based attention: Attention can focus on parts or the whole object.
Object-based attention from Brain-damaged patients
- Unilateral neglect: A condition where people ignore information in their left visual field because of damage to their right parietal lobe.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.