Podcast
Questions and Answers
What does a Pearson's correlation coefficient of $0.409$ indicate about the relationship between the two variables being studied?
What does a Pearson's correlation coefficient of $0.409$ indicate about the relationship between the two variables being studied?
- There is a strong positive correlation.
- There is a moderate positive correlation. (correct)
- There is no correlation.
- There is a weak negative correlation.
If a study reports an $r$ value of $0.6$ and an $r^2$ value of $0.36$, what percentage of the variability in the predictive variable is due to other factors?
If a study reports an $r$ value of $0.6$ and an $r^2$ value of $0.36$, what percentage of the variability in the predictive variable is due to other factors?
- 36%
- 54%
- 60%
- 64% (correct)
How can outliers affect the computation of Pearson's $r$ and $r^2$ in a dataset?
How can outliers affect the computation of Pearson's $r$ and $r^2$ in a dataset?
- They have no effect on the calculation of correlation coefficients.
- They always enhance the accuracy of the correlation.
- They can dramatically distort the results and lead to possible Type I errors. (correct)
- They only affect the regression line but not the correlation.
In the equation $Y = a + bX$, what does $Y$ represent?
In the equation $Y = a + bX$, what does $Y$ represent?
What is the main purpose of regression analysis as mentioned in the content?
What is the main purpose of regression analysis as mentioned in the content?
What is a key issue affecting the validity of survey research compared to other research methods?
What is a key issue affecting the validity of survey research compared to other research methods?
Which of the following types of sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics rather than at random?
Which of the following types of sampling involves selecting participants based on specific characteristics rather than at random?
In survey research, which question type allows respondents to provide their thoughts in their own words?
In survey research, which question type allows respondents to provide their thoughts in their own words?
What does a regression analysis aim to accomplish in the context of survey data?
What does a regression analysis aim to accomplish in the context of survey data?
Which type of correlation indicates a direct relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to an increase in another?
Which type of correlation indicates a direct relationship where an increase in one variable corresponds to an increase in another?
In the context of correlation, what challenge does the third variable problem pose?
In the context of correlation, what challenge does the third variable problem pose?
What does the coefficient of determination ($r^2$) indicate in a regression analysis?
What does the coefficient of determination ($r^2$) indicate in a regression analysis?
Which of the following factors differentiates mediators from moderators in the context of third variables in correlation studies?
Which of the following factors differentiates mediators from moderators in the context of third variables in correlation studies?
What is a key advantage of in-person interview surveys?
What is a key advantage of in-person interview surveys?
Which type of survey question avoids both biased and leading wording?
Which type of survey question avoids both biased and leading wording?
What does a positive correlation between study hours and GPA suggest?
What does a positive correlation between study hours and GPA suggest?
In a scatterplot, what does an 'r' value of -1.00 represent?
In a scatterplot, what does an 'r' value of -1.00 represent?
What is typically the purpose of employing Likert scales in surveys?
What is typically the purpose of employing Likert scales in surveys?
What does the moderate use of a 'Don't Know' alternative in surveys help to address?
What does the moderate use of a 'Don't Know' alternative in surveys help to address?
When designing a survey, why should demographic questions be placed at the end?
When designing a survey, why should demographic questions be placed at the end?
If a study finds a negative correlation between goof-off hours and GPA, what does this imply?
If a study finds a negative correlation between goof-off hours and GPA, what does this imply?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of mailed written surveys?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of mailed written surveys?
What is the range of correlation coefficients, and what does it indicate?
What is the range of correlation coefficients, and what does it indicate?
What does the slope (b) of a regression line indicate?
What does the slope (b) of a regression line indicate?
Which scenario best describes a mediator variable?
Which scenario best describes a mediator variable?
In regression analysis, what do survey data typically provide?
In regression analysis, what do survey data typically provide?
What problem arises from interpreting correlational results regarding the relationship between two variables?
What problem arises from interpreting correlational results regarding the relationship between two variables?
When a regression analysis involves multiple predictor variables, it is referred to as:
When a regression analysis involves multiple predictor variables, it is referred to as:
Which aspect is essential when conducting surveys to ensure clear results?
Which aspect is essential when conducting surveys to ensure clear results?
What is one primary use of non-experimental research methods?
What is one primary use of non-experimental research methods?
What is shared variance ($r^2$) used to measure in regression analysis?
What is shared variance ($r^2$) used to measure in regression analysis?
Flashcards
Strength of Correlation
Strength of Correlation
Indicates how closely two variables are related. A correlation closer to -1.00 or +1.00 suggests a stronger relationship.
Coefficient of Determination
Coefficient of Determination
Explains the proportion of variability in one variable that can be accounted for by the variability in another variable. Calculated as Pearson's r squared (r²).
Positive/Negative Correlation
Positive/Negative Correlation
The direction of the relationship between two variables. Positive: As one variable increases, the other also increases. Negative: As one variable increases, the other decreases.
Outlier's Impact
Outlier's Impact
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Regression Line
Regression Line
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Closed questions
Closed questions
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Likert scale
Likert scale
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Response bias
Response bias
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Ambiguity in survey wording
Ambiguity in survey wording
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Leading question
Leading question
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In-person interview survey
In-person interview survey
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Mailed written survey
Mailed written survey
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Phone survey
Phone survey
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Correlation
Correlation
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Positive correlation
Positive correlation
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Predictor Variable
Predictor Variable
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Criterion Variable
Criterion Variable
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Directionality Problem
Directionality Problem
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Cross-lagged Panel Correlation
Cross-lagged Panel Correlation
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Mediating Variable
Mediating Variable
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Moderating Variable
Moderating Variable
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Survey Data
Survey Data
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Survey Research
Survey Research
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Sampling Issues
Sampling Issues
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Self-selection bias
Self-selection bias
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Open-ended question
Open-ended question
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In-person interview
In-person interview
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Study Notes
Chapter 9: Non-Experimental Design I: Survey Methods - Chapter Objectives
- Sampling issues are more important in survey research than other psychological research.
- Understanding the principles of good survey design is crucial.
- Recognizing challenges in interpreting survey data is essential.
- Knowing different methods for collecting survey data and their advantages/disadvantages is key.
Chapter Objectives (Page 2)
- Three types of probability sampling, and when to use each, should be understood.
- Identifying positive and negative bivariate correlations, and creating scatterplots to illustrate them.
- Calculating and interpreting the coefficient of determination (r²).
- Understanding how regression analysis makes predictions, differentiating between simple and multiple linear regression.
Chapter Objectives (Page 3)
- Recognizing how directionality can impede the interpretation of correlations.
- Understanding how cross-lagged panel studies can address directionality issues.
- Understanding and controlling the third variable problem through partial correlation.
- Differentiating between mediators and moderators, considering third variables in correlation.
Survey Research - Learning From History (Page 4)
- Early survey research, including Darwin's work on facial expressions, and Galton's inquiry into scientific interests, highlight aspects like methodological issues and overly specific questions in survey design.
- Early examples of survey research, such as Galton's and Hall's works, serve as historical contexts for understanding the development of psychological research, including survey methodologies.
Survey Research - Sampling Issues (Page 5)
- Understand the difference between biased and representative samples in survey research.
- Non-probability sampling vs. probability sampling (see Chapter 4).
- Recognizing self-selection bias in surveys, using the example of the 1936 Literary Digest poll.
- Understanding demand characteristics in surveys.
- Surveys are used to assess psychological functioning, as well as beliefs, attitudes and so on.
Types of Survey Questions (Page 6)
- Open-ended vs. closed-ended questions.
- Use of Likert scales to avoid response bias.
- Assessing memory and knowledge in surveys.
- Use of "don't know" or "DK" options in potentially ambiguous surveys.
- Including demographic questions at the end of questionnaires.
Creating an Effective Survey (Page 7)
- Importance of clear wording in survey questions to avoid ambiguity.
- Using pilot studies to identify potential issues in survey wording / design.
- Avoiding leading or biased questions.
- Importance of avoiding double-barreled questions.
Collecting Survey Data (Pages 8-9)
- In-person interviews, including benefits (e.g., follow-up possibilities) and drawbacks (e.g., costs, interviewer bias).
- Strengths and weaknesses of mailed or paper surveys (e.g., ease of scoring and costs).
- Advantages and disadvantages of phone surveys (e.g., efficiency, required brevity, and response rate, as well as the problem of call avoidance).
- Benefits and limitations of electronic surveys, including issues like sampling, ethics, and efficiency
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Correlation (Pages 10-12)
- Correlation describes relationships between variables without establishing a causal link.
- Defining positive, negative, and no correlation.
- Creating scatterplots (see Figure 9.1) to visualize correlations.
- Example of positive correlation relating study hours and GPA, and an example of negative correlation relating goof-off hours and GPA to demonstrate differing relationship types.
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Scatterplots (Page 13-14)
- Scatterplots visually represent relationships between two variables.
- Interpreting scatterplots to determine the strength and direction of a correlation (see Figure 9.1 & 9.2).
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Positive / Negative Correlation (Pages 11, 12)
- Examples of scatterplots representing positive and negative correlations.
- Identifying the nature of the correlation using visual data inspection (e.g., positive/negative, weak/moderate/strong).
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Correlation Coefficients (Page 16)
- Pearson's r, Spearman's rho, and phi coefficient—types of correlation coefficients.
- Interpreting correlation coefficients: magnitude (strength) and direction (positive/negative).
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Coefficient of Determination (Page 17)
- Calculating and Interpreting r² (coefficient of determination).
- Understanding the proportion of variance in one variable explained by another.
- Recognizing unexplained variance.
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Outliers (Page 19)
- Recognizing outliers in data sets.
- Potential impact of outliers on correlation coefficients (r and r²).
- How outliers can impact interpretations.
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Regression (Pages 20-21)
- Predicting outcomes using regression analysis, including its value in estimating and testing accuracy.
- Understanding regression line—a straight line that best summarizes the correlation in data. General regression equation (Y = a + bX).
- Identifying the criterion variable and predictor variable in regression analysis.
- Interpret and apply formulas that show the relationship between criterion (Y) and predictor (X) variables.
- Providing examples of regression analysis, such as predicting GPA from study hours and goof-off hours.
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Regression: Linear and Multiple (Page 22)
- Using linear regression to make predictions using one predictor variable
- Using multiple regression to make predictions using multiple predictor variables
Analyzing Data from Non-Experimental Designs - Interpreting Correlational Results (Pages 23, 24)
- Recognizing the directionality problem in correlational studies.
- Using cross-lagged panel correlations to understand the direction of causality between variables. (See Figure 9.5).
- Distinguishing mediating (how/why) from moderating (under what conditions) variables in interpreting correlations (see Figure 9.6).
Summary (Page 25)
- Purpose of surveys in psychology.
- Importance of clear research questions.
- Significance of correlation and regression for data analysis in non-experimental designs, including surveys.
- Importance of acknowledging directionality and third variables in non-experimental studies.
- Role of non-experimental research in exploratory studies and preliminary data collection.
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Description
Dive into Chapter 9 of your psychology coursework, focusing on non-experimental design and survey methods. Learn about the crucial principles of survey design, the different methods of data collection, and the interpretation of survey results. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of sampling issues, correlation, and regression analysis in psychological research.
