Podcast
Questions and Answers
Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of ______ psychology.
Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of ______ psychology.
cognitive
The broad term psychologists use to describe the manipulation of mental representations of information is?
The broad term psychologists use to describe the manipulation of mental representations of information is?
thinking
Which of the following are true of a mental image? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following are true of a mental image? (Select all that apply)
A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.
A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.
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The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called ___________.
The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called ___________.
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A computer uses its programming to mimic how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of?
A computer uses its programming to mimic how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of?
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In other words, he is ______.
In other words, he is ______.
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What are the three steps in problem solving?
What are the three steps in problem solving?
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Mental _____ are representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented.
Mental _____ are representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented.
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The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for well-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is _____.
The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for well-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is _____.
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A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.
A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.
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Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?
Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?
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The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called?
The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called?
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What is a pitfall to be aware of when there is no clear solution to a problem?
What is a pitfall to be aware of when there is no clear solution to a problem?
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What is the correct listing and order of the three steps to problem solving?
What is the correct listing and order of the three steps to problem solving?
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The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as ______.
The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as ______.
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The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for ill-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is?
The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for ill-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is?
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The problem-solving strategy that involves repeatedly testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists is - ______ analysis.
The problem-solving strategy that involves repeatedly testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists is - ______ analysis.
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The ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions is called ______.
The ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions is called ______.
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Which of the following are potential challenges in evaluating solutions to problems? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following are potential challenges in evaluating solutions to problems? (Select all that apply.)
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Language is tied to the way in which we think and understand the world in which we live.
Language is tied to the way in which we think and understand the world in which we live.
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Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?
Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?
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________ is the system of rules applied to language.
________ is the system of rules applied to language.
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________ is communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.
________ is communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.
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In a(n) ______ problem, the specifics of the problem may be unclear and the information required to solve the problem may be unclear also.
In a(n) ______ problem, the specifics of the problem may be unclear and the information required to solve the problem may be unclear also.
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When an infant utters sounds such as 'ma,' 'pa,' and 'me' more or less randomly, he is?
When an infant utters sounds such as 'ma,' 'pa,' and 'me' more or less randomly, he is?
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Children begin producing two-word combinations after the age of 4.
Children begin producing two-word combinations after the age of 4.
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A child's vocabulary typically increases to include ______ words between the ages of 2 and 3.
A child's vocabulary typically increases to include ______ words between the ages of 2 and 3.
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Telegraphic speech occurs when words that are not critical to the interpretation of an utterance are ______.
Telegraphic speech occurs when words that are not critical to the interpretation of an utterance are ______.
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Children tend to ______ the rules of language.
Children tend to ______ the rules of language.
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When do children typically begin producing two-word combinations, the building blocks of sentences?
When do children typically begin producing two-word combinations, the building blocks of sentences?
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At what age does a child's vocabulary increase from 50 words to several hundred?
At what age does a child's vocabulary increase from 50 words to several hundred?
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Leaving out words that are not critical to the understanding of an idea, such as the sentence 'I hear song', is an example of ______ speech.
Leaving out words that are not critical to the understanding of an idea, such as the sentence 'I hear song', is an example of ______ speech.
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______ occurs when children use rules of speech even when doing so results in errors.
______ occurs when children use rules of speech even when doing so results in errors.
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Which approach to language acquisition suggests it is primarily acquired through reinforcement and conditioning?
Which approach to language acquisition suggests it is primarily acquired through reinforcement and conditioning?
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If you believe that language development requires a language acquisition device, then you support the ______ model.
If you believe that language development requires a language acquisition device, then you support the ______ model.
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Chomsky developed the concept of universal ______ to emphasize the common underlying structure he found in all of the world's languages.
Chomsky developed the concept of universal ______ to emphasize the common underlying structure he found in all of the world's languages.
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The learning-theory approach stresses that language acquisition follows which of the following principles?
The learning-theory approach stresses that language acquisition follows which of the following principles?
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The common underlying structure of all the world's languages as proposed by Noam Chomsky is called?
The common underlying structure of all the world's languages as proposed by Noam Chomsky is called?
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The importance of both nature and nurture in the development of language is emphasized by which model of language development?
The importance of both nature and nurture in the development of language is emphasized by which model of language development?
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Which elements are related to the nativist approach to language development?
Which elements are related to the nativist approach to language development?
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The ______ hypothesis proposes that language shapes the way people perceive the world.
The ______ hypothesis proposes that language shapes the way people perceive the world.
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Bilingual education occurs when students who are not native English speakers?
Bilingual education occurs when students who are not native English speakers?
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The idea that language shapes the way people in particular cultures perceive and understand the world is known as the ______ hypothesis.
The idea that language shapes the way people in particular cultures perceive and understand the world is known as the ______ hypothesis.
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A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n) ______.
A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n) ______.
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The availability heuristic suggests that?
The availability heuristic suggests that?
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People use heuristics because?
People use heuristics because?
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What error in judgment is Ellen making when she buys a lottery ticket each day with the same numbers her friend used?
What error in judgment is Ellen making when she buys a lottery ticket each day with the same numbers her friend used?
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Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?
Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?
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Which of the following statements about reasoning is NOT true?
Which of the following statements about reasoning is NOT true?
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Inductive reasoning?
Inductive reasoning?
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Muhammad believes that all cats are orange based on his experiences. He has made an error in?
Muhammad believes that all cats are orange based on his experiences. He has made an error in?
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If you have observed that you support political candidate A and all of your friends support candidate A, what conclusion are you likely to reach using inductive reasoning?
If you have observed that you support political candidate A and all of your friends support candidate A, what conclusion are you likely to reach using inductive reasoning?
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Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?
Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?
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There is a 'sweet spot' to procrastination when trying to come up with creative content.
There is a 'sweet spot' to procrastination when trying to come up with creative content.
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Which of the following individuals is most likely to come up with a creative solution to their assignment?
Which of the following individuals is most likely to come up with a creative solution to their assignment?
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According to recent research, moderate levels of procrastination, with the explicit idea of coming back to your work, are likely to increase in divergent thinking. Which of the following best exemplifies divergent thinking?
According to recent research, moderate levels of procrastination, with the explicit idea of coming back to your work, are likely to increase in divergent thinking. Which of the following best exemplifies divergent thinking?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Psychology
- Cognitive psychology encompasses thinking, language, memory, and reasoning.
- Thinking refers to the manipulation of mental representations.
Mental Images and Concepts
- Mental images can be auditory or visual, acting as representations of objects or events.
- A concept categorizes objects sharing common properties.
Reasoning and Problem Solving
- Reasoning is the process used to draw conclusions and make decisions.
- Problem-solving involves three steps: preparation, production, evaluation.
- Well-defined problems have clear and available information, while ill-defined problems have unclear specifics.
Problem-Solving Strategies
- Means-ends analysis helps assess the current path relative to desired outcomes.
- A common pitfall is preferring solutions that one has worked on, even if they are not optimal.
Language Development
- Language is a system of rules (grammar) that enables communication through symbols.
- Infants babble random sounds like "ma" or "pa" before forming real words.
- Children typically produce two-word combinations after one year of age.
Speech and Overgeneralization
- Telegraphic speech omits non-essential words, e.g., "I hear song."
- Children often overgeneralize language rules, leading to errors.
Theories of Language Acquisition
- Language acquisition can occur through reinforcement and conditioning (learning theory).
- The nativist model posits that language development is facilitated by an innate language acquisition device.
- Universal grammar, proposed by Chomsky, suggests common underlying structures across languages.
Influences on Language and Perception
- The linguistic relativity hypothesis proposes that language shapes perception.
- Bilingual education integrates learning in both native and English languages.
Decision-Making and Heuristics
- Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that simplify decision-making.
- The availability heuristic relies on how easily examples come to mind, impacting beliefs about events.
Types of Reasoning
- Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations that lead to broader generalizations.
- Deductive reasoning applies general rules to specific cases.
Creativity and Procrastination
- Moderate procrastination can enhance creative output and divergent thinking.
- A "sweet spot" exists where procrastination benefits creative processes.
Cognitive Errors and Judgments
- Individuals may overestimate the probability of rare events based on their memorable nature, leading to flawed judgments.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your understanding of cognitive psychology with these flashcards covering key concepts such as thinking, memory, language, and reasoning. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge of Chapter 8 in their psychology course.
