Psychology Chapter 8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of ______ psychology.

cognitive

The broad term psychologists use to describe the manipulation of mental representations of information is?

thinking

Which of the following are true of a mental image? (Select all that apply)

It can only be visual.

It is always vague.

It can be auditory, as well as visual. (correct)

It is some representation in the mind of an object or event. (correct)

A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.

concept Signup and view all the answers

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called ___________.

reasoning Signup and view all the answers

A computer uses its programming to mimic how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of?

artificial intelligence Signup and view all the answers

In other words, he is ______.

thinking Signup and view all the answers

What are the three steps in problem solving?

Creating solution, producing solutions, evaluating the solutions that have been generated. Signup and view all the answers

Mental _____ are representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented.

images Signup and view all the answers

The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for well-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is _____.

Clear Signup and view all the answers

A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.

concept Signup and view all the answers

Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?

Means-ends analysis Signup and view all the answers

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called?

reasoning Signup and view all the answers

What is a pitfall to be aware of when there is no clear solution to a problem?

Preferring the solution you worked on Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct listing and order of the three steps to problem solving?

Preparation, production, evaluation Signup and view all the answers

The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as ______.

functional fixedness Signup and view all the answers

The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for ill-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is?

Not clear, unavailable Signup and view all the answers

The problem-solving strategy that involves repeatedly testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists is - ______ analysis.

means ends Signup and view all the answers

The ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions is called ______.

creativity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are potential challenges in evaluating solutions to problems? (Select all that apply.)

People's decision-making is influenced by a host of biases. Signup and view all the answers

Language is tied to the way in which we think and understand the world in which we live.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?

means end awareness Signup and view all the answers

________ is the system of rules applied to language.

grammar Signup and view all the answers

________ is communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

language Signup and view all the answers

In a(n) ______ problem, the specifics of the problem may be unclear and the information required to solve the problem may be unclear also.

ill-defined Signup and view all the answers

When an infant utters sounds such as 'ma,' 'pa,' and 'me' more or less randomly, he is?

babbling Signup and view all the answers

Children begin producing two-word combinations after the age of 4.

False Signup and view all the answers

A child's vocabulary typically increases to include ______ words between the ages of 2 and 3.

several hundred Signup and view all the answers

Telegraphic speech occurs when words that are not critical to the interpretation of an utterance are ______.

left out Signup and view all the answers

Children tend to ______ the rules of language.

overgeneralize Signup and view all the answers

When do children typically begin producing two-word combinations, the building blocks of sentences?

after 1 year of age Signup and view all the answers

At what age does a child's vocabulary increase from 50 words to several hundred?

between two and three Signup and view all the answers

Leaving out words that are not critical to the understanding of an idea, such as the sentence 'I hear song', is an example of ______ speech.

telegraphic Signup and view all the answers

______ occurs when children use rules of speech even when doing so results in errors.

overgeneralization Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to language acquisition suggests it is primarily acquired through reinforcement and conditioning?

Learning theory Signup and view all the answers

If you believe that language development requires a language acquisition device, then you support the ______ model.

nativist Signup and view all the answers

Chomsky developed the concept of universal ______ to emphasize the common underlying structure he found in all of the world's languages.

grammar Signup and view all the answers

The learning-theory approach stresses that language acquisition follows which of the following principles?

conditioning, reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

The common underlying structure of all the world's languages as proposed by Noam Chomsky is called?

universal grammar Signup and view all the answers

The importance of both nature and nurture in the development of language is emphasized by which model of language development?

Interactionist Signup and view all the answers

Which elements are related to the nativist approach to language development?

Innate linguistic capability Signup and view all the answers

The ______ hypothesis proposes that language shapes the way people perceive the world.

linguistic Signup and view all the answers

Bilingual education occurs when students who are not native English speakers?

learn some information in their native language and other information in English. Signup and view all the answers

The idea that language shapes the way people in particular cultures perceive and understand the world is known as the ______ hypothesis.

linguistic relativity Signup and view all the answers

A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n) ______.

heuristic Signup and view all the answers

The availability heuristic suggests that?

We base the frequencies of events on the ease to which information regarding that event comes to mind. Signup and view all the answers

People use heuristics because?

They involve all of these. Signup and view all the answers

What error in judgment is Ellen making when she buys a lottery ticket each day with the same numbers her friend used?

Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act so as to increase our beliefs they will happen again even when they don't. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub, so Bill will only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about reasoning is NOT true?

Reasoning is only deductive. Signup and view all the answers

Inductive reasoning?

Begins with specific observations and progresses analytically to broader generalizations and theories based on those observed cases. Signup and view all the answers

Muhammad believes that all cats are orange based on his experiences. He has made an error in?

inductive reasoning Signup and view all the answers

If you have observed that you support political candidate A and all of your friends support candidate A, what conclusion are you likely to reach using inductive reasoning?

All individuals support political candidate A. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?

The unemployment rate is at 5 percent, so 5 percent of my neighbors must be unemployed. Signup and view all the answers

There is a 'sweet spot' to procrastination when trying to come up with creative content.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is most likely to come up with a creative solution to their assignment?

Ray, who starts the assignment, takes a week off, and then finishes it the day before it's due. Signup and view all the answers

According to recent research, moderate levels of procrastination, with the explicit idea of coming back to your work, are likely to increase in divergent thinking. Which of the following best exemplifies divergent thinking?

I can use this paper clip on my desk to pull my broken shoelace through the hole in my shoes. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive psychology encompasses thinking, language, memory, and reasoning.
Thinking refers to the manipulation of mental representations.

Mental Images and Concepts

Mental images can be auditory or visual, acting as representations of objects or events.
A concept categorizes objects sharing common properties.

Reasoning and Problem Solving

Reasoning is the process used to draw conclusions and make decisions.
Problem-solving involves three steps: preparation, production, evaluation.
Well-defined problems have clear and available information, while ill-defined problems have unclear specifics.

Problem-Solving Strategies

Means-ends analysis helps assess the current path relative to desired outcomes.
A common pitfall is preferring solutions that one has worked on, even if they are not optimal.

Language Development

Language is a system of rules (grammar) that enables communication through symbols.
Infants babble random sounds like "ma" or "pa" before forming real words.
Children typically produce two-word combinations after one year of age.

Speech and Overgeneralization

Telegraphic speech omits non-essential words, e.g., "I hear song."
Children often overgeneralize language rules, leading to errors.

Theories of Language Acquisition

Language acquisition can occur through reinforcement and conditioning (learning theory).
The nativist model posits that language development is facilitated by an innate language acquisition device.
Universal grammar, proposed by Chomsky, suggests common underlying structures across languages.

Influences on Language and Perception

The linguistic relativity hypothesis proposes that language shapes perception.
Bilingual education integrates learning in both native and English languages.

Decision-Making and Heuristics

Heuristics are cognitive shortcuts that simplify decision-making.
The availability heuristic relies on how easily examples come to mind, impacting beliefs about events.

Types of Reasoning

Inductive reasoning starts with specific observations that lead to broader generalizations.
Deductive reasoning applies general rules to specific cases.

Creativity and Procrastination

Moderate procrastination can enhance creative output and divergent thinking.
A "sweet spot" exists where procrastination benefits creative processes.

Cognitive Errors and Judgments

Individuals may overestimate the probability of rare events based on their memorable nature, leading to flawed judgments.

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Test your understanding of cognitive psychology with these flashcards covering key concepts such as thinking, memory, language, and reasoning. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their knowledge of Chapter 8 in their psychology course.

Psychology Chapter 8 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Thinking, language, memory, and reasoning are all part of ______ psychology.

The broad term psychologists use to describe the manipulation of mental representations of information is?

Which of the following are true of a mental image? (Select all that apply)

A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called ___________.

A computer uses its programming to mimic how physicians diagnose illness. This is an example of?

In other words, he is ______.

What are the three steps in problem solving?

Mental _____ are representations in the mind that resemble the object or event being represented.

The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for well-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is _____.

A categorization of objects that have common properties is a ______.

Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?

The process by which information is used to draw conclusions and make decisions is called?

What is a pitfall to be aware of when there is no clear solution to a problem?

What is the correct listing and order of the three steps to problem solving?

The tendency to think of an object only in terms of its typical use is known as ______.

The difference between well-defined and ill-defined problems is that for ill-defined problems, the information necessary to solve them is?

The problem-solving strategy that involves repeatedly testing for differences between the desired outcome and what currently exists is - ______ analysis.

The ability to generate unique ideas and novel solutions is called ______.

Which of the following are potential challenges in evaluating solutions to problems? (Select all that apply.)

Language is tied to the way in which we think and understand the world in which we live.

Which problem-solving strategy are you using if you check if where you are along the path is closer to where you want to be than you were recently?

________ is the system of rules applied to language.

________ is communication of information through symbols arranged according to systematic rules.

In a(n) ______ problem, the specifics of the problem may be unclear and the information required to solve the problem may be unclear also.

When an infant utters sounds such as 'ma,' 'pa,' and 'me' more or less randomly, he is?

Children begin producing two-word combinations after the age of 4.

A child's vocabulary typically increases to include ______ words between the ages of 2 and 3.

Telegraphic speech occurs when words that are not critical to the interpretation of an utterance are ______.

Children tend to ______ the rules of language.

When do children typically begin producing two-word combinations, the building blocks of sentences?

At what age does a child's vocabulary increase from 50 words to several hundred?

Leaving out words that are not critical to the understanding of an idea, such as the sentence 'I hear song', is an example of ______ speech.

______ occurs when children use rules of speech even when doing so results in errors.

Which approach to language acquisition suggests it is primarily acquired through reinforcement and conditioning?

If you believe that language development requires a language acquisition device, then you support the ______ model.

Chomsky developed the concept of universal ______ to emphasize the common underlying structure he found in all of the world's languages.

The learning-theory approach stresses that language acquisition follows which of the following principles?

The common underlying structure of all the world's languages as proposed by Noam Chomsky is called?

The importance of both nature and nurture in the development of language is emphasized by which model of language development?

Which elements are related to the nativist approach to language development?

The ______ hypothesis proposes that language shapes the way people perceive the world.

Bilingual education occurs when students who are not native English speakers?

The idea that language shapes the way people in particular cultures perceive and understand the world is known as the ______ hypothesis.

A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n) ______.

The availability heuristic suggests that?

People use heuristics because?

What error in judgment is Ellen making when she buys a lottery ticket each day with the same numbers her friend used?

Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic?

Which of the following statements about reasoning is NOT true?

Inductive reasoning?

Muhammad believes that all cats are orange based on his experiences. He has made an error in?

If you have observed that you support political candidate A and all of your friends support candidate A, what conclusion are you likely to reach using inductive reasoning?

Which of the following is an example of deductive reasoning?

There is a 'sweet spot' to procrastination when trying to come up with creative content.

Which of the following individuals is most likely to come up with a creative solution to their assignment?

According to recent research, moderate levels of procrastination, with the explicit idea of coming back to your work, are likely to increase in divergent thinking. Which of the following best exemplifies divergent thinking?

Study Notes

Cognitive Psychology

Mental Images and Concepts

Reasoning and Problem Solving

Problem-Solving Strategies

Language Development

Speech and Overgeneralization

Theories of Language Acquisition

Influences on Language and Perception

Decision-Making and Heuristics

Types of Reasoning

Creativity and Procrastination

Cognitive Errors and Judgments

Studying That Suits You

Description

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