Psychology Chapter 7 - Survey Research

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Questions and Answers

What is one key characteristic of survey research?

Surveys are always conducted face-to-face.

Variables are measured using self-reports. (correct)

Data is collected exclusively through observational methods.

Participants are randomly assigned to different groups.

What percentage of the final grade does the exam account for?

25%

30%

40%

35% (correct)

Which item is NOT required to bring to the exam?

Eraser

Pencils

Student ID

Calculator (correct)

What is the exam's format?

Multiple-choice and short-answer questions Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the final exam?

Regent Theatre at 50 King St E Signup and view all the answers

When will the final exam take place?

December 9, 12-2 pm Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of the exam regarding material usage?

Closed-book Signup and view all the answers

Which chapters will the exam cover?

Chapters 1 through 10 Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'context effects' refer to in survey responses?

Influences not related to the item content but to the context Signup and view all the answers

How can the order in which items are presented affect survey responses?

It can cause recall bias in responses Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'average' in the context of survey response options?

A subjective interpretation that may vary among respondents Signup and view all the answers

What could lead a respondent to misunderstand 'a lot more than average' in a survey?

Ambiguity in the definition of 'average' Signup and view all the answers

What cognitive process might a person use to estimate their typical alcohol consumption?

Counting based on recent memories Signup and view all the answers

How might respondents interpret the term 'somewhat fewer than average'?

Minimally below the average drinking habits Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can influence a respondent's judgement formation in surveys?

Their emotional state at the time of answering Signup and view all the answers

What might the phrase 'what drinks count as alcoholic' imply in survey interpretation?

Differing cultural norms regarding alcohol Signup and view all the answers

What are closed-ended items designed to do?

Ask a question and provide a limited set of response options Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a benefit of open-ended items?

They allow for a diverse range of participant responses Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential issue with the response editing phenomenon described?

Participants might exaggerate their responses Signup and view all the answers

How do closed-ended items differ from open-ended items in terms of ease for researchers?

Closed-ended items are easier to analyze Signup and view all the answers

In what scenario would a researcher likely choose to use open-ended items?

When they want to explore unknown areas of participant feedback Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of closed-ended questionnaire items?

They limit the variety of responses that can be given Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of open-ended items in questionnaires?

They can lead to participants skipping questions Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of a closed-ended item?

On a scale from 0 to 10, how would you rate your satisfaction? Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of simple random sampling?

Each individual in the population has an equal probability of selection. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes proportionate stratified random sampling from other sampling methods?

The sample reflects the population's demographic proportions. Signup and view all the answers

Which sampling method is designed to ensure valid conclusions about small subgroups?

Disproportionate Stratified Random Sampling Signup and view all the answers

What type of scale is best suited for measuring a unipolar construct?

A five-point scale Signup and view all the answers

What is a key benefit of cluster sampling compared to other sampling methods?

It involves selecting larger groups of individuals. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding the use of rating scales?

Five-point scales are preferred for unipolar scales. Signup and view all the answers

In stratified random sampling, how are respondents selected for each stratum?

Respondents are selected randomly from within each designated stratum. Signup and view all the answers

When creating survey response options for categorical variables, what is necessary?

Response options need to be mutually exclusive and exhaustive. Signup and view all the answers

What is a good practice when introducing a survey to participants?

Ensure participants are aware of how their data will be used. Signup and view all the answers

When is it appropriate to use 'Select all that apply' in a survey?

When respondents may choose multiple answers. Signup and view all the answers

Which response option range is typically considered ideal for rating scales?

5 to 7 response options Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of effective survey response options?

They should clearly define potential responses. Signup and view all the answers

Why might a researcher include an 'Other – Please specify' option in a survey?

To provide respondents with a chance to elaborate. Signup and view all the answers

What is one advantage of internet surveys compared to mail surveys?

They typically achieve higher response rates. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common challenge faced when conducting internet surveys?

Achieving a reliable sampling frame. Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended strategy for improving response rates in surveys?

Keep the questionnaire short and simple. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these statements about sampling in internet surveys is true?

Achieving random samples can be challenging. Signup and view all the answers

What is one potential disadvantage of using incentives for survey responses?

They can lead to biased results. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the trend regarding the use of internet surveys?

Internet surveys are becoming more common. Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective way to enhance the likelihood of survey completion?

Send multiple reminders. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key factor that can reduce response rates in internet surveys?

A survey that is too long or complex. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 7 - Survey Research

Survey research is a quantitative and qualitative method for measuring variables using self-reports, focusing on sampling.
Surveys can be non-experimental, but can also be used in experimental research to assess the impact of an independent variable on a dependent variable.
A significant focus of survey research is addressing sampling bias through careful consideration of sampling techniques.

Final Exam Information

Date: Monday, December 9th
Time: 12:00 PM - 2:00 PM
Location: Regent Theatre, 50 King St E (DTR100)
Format: Multiple-choice and short-answer questions
Coverage: Chapters 1-10 (Chapter 11 excluded)
Exam type: Closed-book
Weighting: 35% of the final grade

Lecture Overview

Overview of survey research
Survey construction
Conducting surveys

Survey Research Details

Survey research involves measuring variables via self-reports collected using surveys.
Sampling is a crucial aspect of survey research.

Lifetime Prevalence Results (National Comorbidity Survey)

Data on lifetime prevalence of various disorders are presented, including rates for females and males.
Examples include generalized anxiety disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse.
Lifetime prevalence refers to the percentage of people who develop a specific disorder at any point in their lives.

Cognitive Model of Survey Responding

The cognitive model of survey responding outlines the steps involved in completing a survey, including interpreting the question, retrieving information, forming judgments, formatting the response, and editing the response.

Types of Items: Open-Ended Items

Open-ended items allow participants to answer in their own words.
These items often provide qualitative data and are useful when researchers are unsure about the range of potential responses.
They are time-consuming for participants and researchers, though.

Types of Items: Closed-Ended Items

Closed-ended items provide a set of predetermined response options.
These items are often employed for quantitative data collection and are more straightforward to analyze.
Rating scales are common types of closed-ended items, ranging from 3 to 11 response options, with 5 and 7 being common numbers.

Writing Effective Items

Mutually exclusive and exhaustive response options are key for closed-ended items.
Provide an "other" option for unanticipated responses.
The midpoint can be omitted from rating scales, but including it can be helpful for bipolar dimensions.

Formatting the Survey

Organize surveys logically.
Present clear instructions for completing the questionnaire.
Use logical groupings of items.
Place demographic questions towards the end.

Non-Probability Sampling

Non-probability sampling methods don't guarantee every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.
Examples include convenience sampling, snowball sampling, quota sampling, and self-selection.

Probability Sampling

Probability sampling ensures every member of the population has a known probability of being included in the sample.
Types include simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling.

Sampling Bias

Sampling bias occurs when the sample chosen is not representative of the target population leading to flawed results.
Non-response bias is a common issue when there is a systemic difference between survey respondents and non-respondents.

Conducting the Survey

In-person, telephone, mail, and internet surveys are various methods of conducting surveys.
Response rate, cost, time, and potential for sampling bias vary amongst the methods.

Upcoming Dates

Specific dates for lectures on various topics, assignments, and the final exam are listed.

Study questions on chapter 7.

These are general questions that summarize the chapter and are likely part of a larger review sheet or set of questions to study.

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Description

Dive into Chapter 7 of Psychology, focusing on survey research methods. This chapter emphasizes the importance of sampling techniques and addresses potential sampling bias. Prepare for your final exam with key insights into constructing and conducting effective surveys.