Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is learning?

A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience.

What is habituation?

Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a gradual reduction in responding to the same stimulus.

What is sensitization?

Presence of a stimulus leads to increased response to a later stimulus.

What is classical conditioning?

Forming associations between environmental stimuli and a response. Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of classical conditioning.

Associating lightning with the sound of thunder, Pavlov's dog, or Jim giving Dwight a mint every time his computer makes a noise. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is an unconditioned response?

An unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus?

An originally neutral stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response?

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps to form an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

The conditioned stimulus must come before the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What are the benefits of classical conditioning?

Adaptive: helps an organism respond appropriately to an upcoming event. Signup and view all the answers

What is second-order conditioning?

Conditioning a second conditioned stimulus by pairing it with an established conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus generalization?

Responding to a new stimulus in a way similar to an established conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus discrimination?

Responding differently to a new stimulus than how one responds to an established conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

When a conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without the unconditioned stimulus, it no longer elicits a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

The recovery of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of not being exposed to the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

How is classical conditioning used in advertising?

The unconditioned stimulus is the image, and the unconditioned response is the emotional response; the conditioned stimulus is the object of the advertisement, leading to a conditioned response of emotional response to that object. Signup and view all the answers

How does classical conditioning relate to drug addiction?

Cues in the environment can elicit cravings after being paired with drug use. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of classical conditioning in drug tolerance and overdose?

Repeated exposure to an environment can condition a bodily response that counteracts the effects of the drug, leading to potential overdose when the same dose is taken in a new environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive classical conditioning?

Classical conditioning occurs because of expectations and depends on the predictive power of the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Learning

Defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior resulting from experience.

Habituation

Gradual reduction in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
Example: Initially noticing a ticking clock, but the awareness fades over time.

Sensitization

Increased response to a later stimulus following the presence of a stronger original stimulus.
Example: A burglary leads to heightened sensitivity to sounds at night.

Classical Conditioning

Involves forming associations between environmental stimuli and responses, rooted in behaviorism.
Emphasizes observable acts over internal thoughts and feelings.

Examples of Classical Conditioning

Lightning paired with thunder creates a learned association.
Pavlov's dog experiment showcases conditioning with food and a bell.
Jim conditions Dwight by associating a computer sound with receiving a mint.

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

A stimulus that instinctively triggers a natural response.
Example: In Pavlov's experiment, food acts as the US; in The Office, the mint serves the same function.

Unconditioned Response (UR)

An unlearned, automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
Example: Salivation occurs naturally in response to food or a mint.

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after linking with an unconditioned stimulus.
Example: The ding of a computer becomes a CS after association, akin to Pavlov's bell.

Conditioned Response (CR)

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that was once neutral.
Example: Salivating in reaction to the computer ding or the bell following conditioning.

Forming Associations Between CS and US

The conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus for effective association.
The unconditioned stimulus should follow the conditioned stimulus closely.

Benefits of Classical Conditioning

Adaptive process enabling organisms to respond appropriately to future events.
Example: Conditioned taste aversion helps avoid harmful substances.

Second-Order Conditioning

Educating a second conditioned stimulus by pairing it with a pre-established conditioned stimulus.
Example: A light becomes associated with the sound of a bell, linking it indirectly to food.

Stimulus Generalization

Responding similarly to new stimuli that resemble an established conditioned stimulus.
Example: Baby Albert develops fear of all animals after associating a loud noise with a white rat.

Stimulus Discrimination

Differentiating responses to new stimuli compared to established conditioned stimuli.

Extinction

Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, causing the response to fade.

Spontaneous Recovery

The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a break from exposure to the conditioned stimulus.

Classical Conditioning in Advertising

Unconditioned stimulus: Image or person generating an emotional response.
Conditioned stimulus: Object in the advertisement; leads to an emotional response associated with the object.

Classical Conditioning in Drug Addiction

Environmental cues can trigger cravings when linked to drug use.

Classical Conditioning in Drug Tolerance and Overdose

Repeated drug use reduces its psychological impact.
In familiar settings, users' bodies prepare to counteract drug effects. In new environments, this preparation may not occur, leading to overdose.

Cognitive Classical Conditioning

Suggests that classical conditioning is influenced by expectations rather than mere associations.
Emphasizes the importance of the predictive power of the conditioned stimulus in information processing.
Conditioning is often more effective with unfamiliar stimuli due to pre-existing associations with familiar stimuli.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in Psychology Chapter 7 with these flashcards. This chapter covers essential terms such as Learning, Habituation, and Sensitization, along with their definitions and examples. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge of behavioral psychology.