Questions and Answers
What is learning?
A relatively permanent change in behavior, or potential behavior, that results from experience.
What is habituation?
Repeated exposure to a stimulus leads to a gradual reduction in responding to the same stimulus.
What is sensitization?
Presence of a stimulus leads to increased response to a later stimulus.
What is classical conditioning?
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Give an example of classical conditioning.
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What is an unconditioned stimulus?
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What is an unconditioned response?
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What is a conditioned stimulus?
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What is a conditioned response?
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What are the steps to form an association between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and an unconditioned stimulus (US)?
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What are the benefits of classical conditioning?
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What is second-order conditioning?
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What is stimulus generalization?
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What is stimulus discrimination?
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What is extinction in classical conditioning?
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What is spontaneous recovery?
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How is classical conditioning used in advertising?
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How does classical conditioning relate to drug addiction?
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What is the role of classical conditioning in drug tolerance and overdose?
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What is cognitive classical conditioning?
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Study Notes
Learning
- Defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior resulting from experience.
Habituation
- Gradual reduction in response to a stimulus after repeated exposure.
- Example: Initially noticing a ticking clock, but the awareness fades over time.
Sensitization
- Increased response to a later stimulus following the presence of a stronger original stimulus.
- Example: A burglary leads to heightened sensitivity to sounds at night.
Classical Conditioning
- Involves forming associations between environmental stimuli and responses, rooted in behaviorism.
- Emphasizes observable acts over internal thoughts and feelings.
Examples of Classical Conditioning
- Lightning paired with thunder creates a learned association.
- Pavlov's dog experiment showcases conditioning with food and a bell.
- Jim conditions Dwight by associating a computer sound with receiving a mint.
Unconditioned Stimulus (US)
- A stimulus that instinctively triggers a natural response.
- Example: In Pavlov's experiment, food acts as the US; in The Office, the mint serves the same function.
Unconditioned Response (UR)
- An unlearned, automatic reaction to an unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: Salivation occurs naturally in response to food or a mint.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
- A previously neutral stimulus that elicits a conditioned response after linking with an unconditioned stimulus.
- Example: The ding of a computer becomes a CS after association, akin to Pavlov's bell.
Conditioned Response (CR)
- A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that was once neutral.
- Example: Salivating in reaction to the computer ding or the bell following conditioning.
Forming Associations Between CS and US
- The conditioned stimulus must precede the unconditioned stimulus for effective association.
- The unconditioned stimulus should follow the conditioned stimulus closely.
Benefits of Classical Conditioning
- Adaptive process enabling organisms to respond appropriately to future events.
- Example: Conditioned taste aversion helps avoid harmful substances.
Second-Order Conditioning
- Educating a second conditioned stimulus by pairing it with a pre-established conditioned stimulus.
- Example: A light becomes associated with the sound of a bell, linking it indirectly to food.
Stimulus Generalization
- Responding similarly to new stimuli that resemble an established conditioned stimulus.
- Example: Baby Albert develops fear of all animals after associating a loud noise with a white rat.
Stimulus Discrimination
- Differentiating responses to new stimuli compared to established conditioned stimuli.
Extinction
- Occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, causing the response to fade.
Spontaneous Recovery
- The re-emergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a break from exposure to the conditioned stimulus.
Classical Conditioning in Advertising
- Unconditioned stimulus: Image or person generating an emotional response.
- Conditioned stimulus: Object in the advertisement; leads to an emotional response associated with the object.
Classical Conditioning in Drug Addiction
- Environmental cues can trigger cravings when linked to drug use.
Classical Conditioning in Drug Tolerance and Overdose
- Repeated drug use reduces its psychological impact.
- In familiar settings, users' bodies prepare to counteract drug effects. In new environments, this preparation may not occur, leading to overdose.
Cognitive Classical Conditioning
- Suggests that classical conditioning is influenced by expectations rather than mere associations.
- Emphasizes the importance of the predictive power of the conditioned stimulus in information processing.
- Conditioning is often more effective with unfamiliar stimuli due to pre-existing associations with familiar stimuli.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in Psychology Chapter 7 with these flashcards. This chapter covers essential terms such as Learning, Habituation, and Sensitization, along with their definitions and examples. Perfect for reinforcing your knowledge of behavioral psychology.