Psychology Chapter 7 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What are set effects?

Habitual ways of structuring a problem which can prevent finding the best solution.

What is availability in the context of probability or frequency?

Judgements of frequency or probability based on the availability of examples in memory (ease of recall).

There are more English words with the first letter K than the third letter K.

False (B)

What are heuristics?

<p>Rules of thumb or shortcuts we use to quickly make judgments or decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by problem space?

<p>Every possible state of a problem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are descriptive theories in decision making?

<p>Preferences are constructed; we think about gains and losses very differently, including framing effects and loss aversion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are framing effects?

<p>How options are presented to us can influence our choice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is loss aversion?

<p>It's more painful to lose $10 than to feel happy about gaining $10.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are simple problems?

<p>Well-defined problems that do not require special knowledge and can be completed in a short time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are normative theories?

<p>Theories that began in philosophy and mathematics, including gambling houses and expected value theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is expected value theory?

<p>For any gamble if you know the expected value, you could win.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Probability x outcomes = ______

<p>Expected value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a morpheme?

<p>The smallest units of meaning within a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a phoneme?

<p>The basic units of sound in a language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does representativeness refer to?

<p>The likelihood that A belongs to or was created by B, judged by the degree that A resembles B.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is functional fixedness?

<p>Refers to the fact that we have problems using objects in new ways.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does validity refer to in testing?

<p>The degree to which a test actually measures what it's supposed to measure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reliability in the context of testing?

<p>Refers to the test producing consistent results each time it is given to the same individual or group of people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

IQ equals mental age/chronological age x 100 equals ______

<p>Intelligence Quotient.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is confirmation bias?

<p>The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence to the contrary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another definition of confirmation bias?

<p>A barrier to effective decision making or problem solving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Problem Solving and Decision Making

  • Set Effects: Habitual methods of approaching problems can hinder finding optimal solutions.
  • Heuristics: Simple rules or shortcuts used in decision-making can lead to quick judgments but may cause predictable mistakes.
  • Problem Space: Represents all possible states within a specific problem scenario.

Cognitive Biases and Preferences

  • Availability: Judgments about frequency or chances are influenced by how easily examples come to mind.
  • Framing Effects: The way information is presented can significantly affect decision-making outcomes.
  • Loss Aversion: The psychological impact of losing money (e.g., $10) is more intense than the pleasure derived from gaining the same amount.

Theories in Decision Making

  • Descriptive Theories: Emphasize how preferences vary based on context, considering loss aversion and framing.
  • Normative Theories: Originating from philosophy and mathematics, these theories focus on ideal decision-making processes, such as expected value.
  • Expected Value Theory: A calculation used in gambling to determine possible gains, formulated as probability multiplied by outcomes.

Language and Communication

  • Morpheme: The smallest meaningful units in language, crucial for understanding semantics.
  • Phoneme: The most basic sound units in language essential for phonetics.

Cognitive Psychology

  • Representativeness: Assesses how similar an instance is to a category based on its resemblance.
  • Functional Fixedness: Difficulty in utilizing objects in new or innovative ways due to established functional perceptions.

Measurement and Assessment

  • Validity: Indicates how well a test measures what it claims to assess.
  • Reliability: Refers to the consistency of test results over multiple administrations to the same group.

Intelligence and Biases

  • IQ Formula: Calculated as mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.
  • Confirmation Bias: The inclination to seek out information that supports existing beliefs while disregarding contradictory evidence, creating barriers to effective decision-making.

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