Psychology Chapter 6 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?

Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room.

She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.

Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. (correct)

Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________ and an unconditioned response.

neutral stimulus

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?

Feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.

Playing the slot machine.

Knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart. (correct)

Checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day.

What is the main idea of social learning theory?

One can learn new behaviors by observing others. Signup and view all the answers

Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

Fixed interval Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?

Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. Signup and view all the answers

The classical conditioning principle of ________ is demonstrated when you smell baking cookies and feel hungry even if it is a different recipe.

stimulus generalization Signup and view all the answers

Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.

Conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

Shaping Signup and view all the answers

Which kind of learning is demonstrated by Hideki, who learns that lying leads to being grounded?

Operant conditioning Signup and view all the answers

You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.

stimulus discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What reinforcement schedule is demonstrated when Jemma praises her son every time he says thank you?

Continuous Signup and view all the answers

Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?

Variable ratio Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a reflex?

The pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light Signup and view all the answers

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. Signup and view all the answers

Tabetha has a mental picture of her house layout, also called a ________.

cognitive map Signup and view all the answers

The return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.

spontaneous recovery Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.

learned Signup and view all the answers

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.

After seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character Signup and view all the answers

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.

Associative Signup and view all the answers

In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.

partial Signup and view all the answers

Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with 'Little Albert'?

It would be unethical by today's research standards. Signup and view all the answers

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

Emotion can be a conditioned response Signup and view all the answers

Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands and then learns to do them herself. Which type of learning is this?

Observational Signup and view all the answers

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.

Primary Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of instinct?

Baby turning its head to suckle when its cheek is stroked Signup and view all the answers

Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?

Acquisition and extinction Signup and view all the answers

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her is an example of ________.

extinction Signup and view all the answers

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

Learning Signup and view all the answers

Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, who suggested a cognitive aspect to learning?

Edward C. Tolman Signup and view all the answers

Dave's boss told him he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if he meets his sales quota. Dave's boss is using ________.

Negative reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?

Rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush Signup and view all the answers

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Vicarious Conditioning and Reinforcement

Vicarious punishment occurs when an individual learns to avoid a behavior after observing someone else being punished for it.
Vicarious reinforcement involves learning behaviors by witnessing someone else receiving rewards for those behaviors.

Classical Conditioning

Classical conditioning involves learning an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
Stimulus generalization happens when a response to one stimulus also occurs in response to similar stimuli.

Operant Conditioning

Operant conditioning is the concept that behavior is influenced by the consequences (reinforcements and punishments) that follow it.
Fixed interval schedule involves reinforcement after a set period, while fixed ratio reinforcement involves reinforcement after a certain number of responses.

Learning through Observation

Social learning theory argues that individuals can learn behaviors simply by observing others, without direct reinforcement or punishment.
Observational learning occurs when one improves their skills by watching someone else perform a task.

Key Concepts of Conditioning

A conditioned response is an automatic reaction learned over time, often towards a conditioned stimulus.
Extinction in conditioning refers to the process of diminishing a conditioned response over time when the reinforcement is removed.

Practical Examples of Conditioning

Gambling at slot machines exemplifies variable ratio reinforcement, where the reward is unpredictable and based on the number of attempts.
The differing reactions to specific stimuli demonstrate stimulus discrimination, where certain stimuli elicit a response while others do not.

Reflexive Behavior

Reflexive responses are innate and do not require learning, such as the pupil's contraction in bright light or a baby's instinctive suckling.

Contributions to Psychology

John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s Little Albert experiment demonstrated that emotions can be conditioned responses, significantly impacting behavioral psychology.
Edward C. Tolman introduced cognitive learning aspects, contrasting with behaviorists like Skinner and Watson who dismissed cognitive processes.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive reinforcement adds a pleasurable stimulus to encourage a behavior, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
Punishment, both positive and negative, aims to decrease unwanted behaviors through consequences.

Latent Learning

Latent learning refers to knowledge acquisition that remains hidden until there is a relevant reason for it to be demonstrated.

Research Ethics

Criticisms of early psychological studies, like the Little Albert experiment, often revolve around ethical concerns regarding consent and the impact on the subjects.

Understanding Behavior Change

Learning can lead to relatively permanent changes in behavior or knowledge as a result of experiences, supporting the definitions of learning in psychology.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on key concepts from Chapter 6 of Psychology. This quiz focuses on vicarious punishment and related behavioral theories. Answer the questions to see how well you understand these essential psychological principles.