Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
Which of the following is an example of vicarious punishment?
- Belinda saw Mavis receive a hug for cleaning his room.
- She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mavis get a reward for doing it.
- Jeong observes his sister Bronwyn getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. (correct)
- Job wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom.
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________ and an unconditioned response.
In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________ and an unconditioned response.
neutral stimulus
Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule?
- Feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m.
- Playing the slot machine.
- Knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart. (correct)
- Checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day.
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
What is the main idea of social learning theory?
Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Gus receives a paycheck at the end of every week. Which reinforcement schedule is this?
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
Which of the following is an example of vicarious reinforcement?
The classical conditioning principle of ________ is demonstrated when you smell baking cookies and feel hungry even if it is a different recipe.
The classical conditioning principle of ________ is demonstrated when you smell baking cookies and feel hungry even if it is a different recipe.
Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.
Stanley's nauseous reaction to a grilled cheese sandwich is the ________.
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?
Which kind of learning is demonstrated by Hideki, who learns that lying leads to being grounded?
Which kind of learning is demonstrated by Hideki, who learns that lying leads to being grounded?
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
You begin to salivate when you smell your favorite cake in the oven, but not when you smell a dirty diaper. This is an example of ________.
What reinforcement schedule is demonstrated when Jemma praises her son every time he says thank you?
What reinforcement schedule is demonstrated when Jemma praises her son every time he says thank you?
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
Gambling at a slot machine is an example of which reinforcement schedule?
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
Which of the following is an example of a reflex?
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
What is the main idea of operant conditioning?
Tabetha has a mental picture of her house layout, also called a ________.
Tabetha has a mental picture of her house layout, also called a ________.
The return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.
The return of a previously extinguished response is called ________.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
In Pavlov's classical conditioning, the term conditioned is approximately synonymous with the word ________.
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________.
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning.
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
In ________ reinforcement, the person or animal is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed.
Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with 'Little Albert'?
Which option is the most valid criticism of Watson and Rayner's work with 'Little Albert'?
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands and then learns to do them herself. Which type of learning is this?
Dymesha watches her older sister do headstands and then learns to do them herself. Which type of learning is this?
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities.
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
Which of the following is an example of instinct?
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
Which two concepts can be thought of as opposite processes within the classical conditioning model?
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her is an example of ________.
Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her is an example of ________.
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?
Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, who suggested a cognitive aspect to learning?
Although B.F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, who suggested a cognitive aspect to learning?
Dave's boss told him he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if he meets his sales quota. Dave's boss is using ________.
Dave's boss told him he doesn't have to attend the company picnic if he meets his sales quota. Dave's boss is using ________.
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning?
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.
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Study Notes
Vicarious Conditioning and Reinforcement
- Vicarious punishment occurs when an individual learns to avoid a behavior after observing someone else being punished for it.
- Vicarious reinforcement involves learning behaviors by witnessing someone else receiving rewards for those behaviors.
Classical Conditioning
- Classical conditioning involves learning an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus, leading to a conditioned response.
- Stimulus generalization happens when a response to one stimulus also occurs in response to similar stimuli.
Operant Conditioning
- Operant conditioning is the concept that behavior is influenced by the consequences (reinforcements and punishments) that follow it.
- Fixed interval schedule involves reinforcement after a set period, while fixed ratio reinforcement involves reinforcement after a certain number of responses.
Learning through Observation
- Social learning theory argues that individuals can learn behaviors simply by observing others, without direct reinforcement or punishment.
- Observational learning occurs when one improves their skills by watching someone else perform a task.
Key Concepts of Conditioning
- A conditioned response is an automatic reaction learned over time, often towards a conditioned stimulus.
- Extinction in conditioning refers to the process of diminishing a conditioned response over time when the reinforcement is removed.
Practical Examples of Conditioning
- Gambling at slot machines exemplifies variable ratio reinforcement, where the reward is unpredictable and based on the number of attempts.
- The differing reactions to specific stimuli demonstrate stimulus discrimination, where certain stimuli elicit a response while others do not.
Reflexive Behavior
- Reflexive responses are innate and do not require learning, such as the pupil's contraction in bright light or a baby's instinctive suckling.
Contributions to Psychology
- John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner’s Little Albert experiment demonstrated that emotions can be conditioned responses, significantly impacting behavioral psychology.
- Edward C. Tolman introduced cognitive learning aspects, contrasting with behaviorists like Skinner and Watson who dismissed cognitive processes.
Reinforcement and Punishment
- Positive reinforcement adds a pleasurable stimulus to encourage a behavior, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
- Punishment, both positive and negative, aims to decrease unwanted behaviors through consequences.
Latent Learning
- Latent learning refers to knowledge acquisition that remains hidden until there is a relevant reason for it to be demonstrated.
Research Ethics
- Criticisms of early psychological studies, like the Little Albert experiment, often revolve around ethical concerns regarding consent and the impact on the subjects.
Understanding Behavior Change
- Learning can lead to relatively permanent changes in behavior or knowledge as a result of experiences, supporting the definitions of learning in psychology.
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