Questions and Answers
Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of?
Alex learned how to make 3-point basketball shots by successfully making very short shots before shooting from increasingly longer distances from the hoop. This learning strategy best illustrates the process of?
Tennis instruction that reinforces soft, short lobs over the net before attempting to reinforce hard, long, cross-court hits best illustrates the process of?
Mr. Schlenker has improved worker productivity at his furniture manufacturing plant by occasionally sending notes of appreciation to his hard-working employees. Mr. Schlenker has improved productivity by means of?
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of?
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Classical conditioning involves a learned association between?
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A learned association between two stimuli is central to?
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Operant conditioning involves a learned association between?
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A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to?
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Automatically blinking to an air puff is to ________ as raising your hand to answer a question is to ________?
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Both classical conditioning and operant conditioning can illustrate examples of?
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Wolves that were tempted into eating sheep carcasses laced with poison develop an aversion to sheep meat. Which of the following provided the initial evidence leading to this practice?
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Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste aversion in rats demonstrated that classical conditioning is constrained by?
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The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by?
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If rats are allowed to wander through a complicated maze, they will subsequently run the maze with few errors when a food reward is placed at the end. Their good performance demonstrates?
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Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations have been called?
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The best evidence that animals develop cognitive maps comes from studies of?
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Studies of latent learning highlight the importance of?
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What type of learning sometimes occurs after an extended period of thinking about a problem but little or no direct, systematic interaction with the environment?
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Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?
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Caroline was halfway through writing an essay for her English class when she couldn't think of what to say next. She decided to stop working on the essay for a while. When she returned to her desk, she suddenly realized what she should write. Caroline's experience best illustrates?
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The desire to engage in an activity for the sake of its own enjoyment involves?
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Marcy grows roses for the sheer joy of it; Jennifer grows them to sell at a profit. Marcy's behavior reflects ________, whereas Jennifer's behavior reflects ________?
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Promising people monetary rewards for doing what they already enjoy doing is most likely to undermine?
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Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit?
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The desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment involves?
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Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine?
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Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves?
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Dogs strapped into a harness and given repeated and unavoidable shocks?
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After experiencing inescapable brutalities as a prisoner in a Nazi concentration camp, Mr. Sternberg became apathetic, stopped eating, and gave up all efforts to physically survive the ordeal. Mr. Sternberg's reaction most clearly illustrates?
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Study Notes
Learning Processes
- Short putts in golf, followed by longer ones, illustrate shaping, a method to enhance learning through gradual reinforcement.
- Making 3-point basketball shots after mastering shorter distances exemplifies shaping, showing how skills can be developed progressively.
Conditioning Types
- Tennis instruction reinforcing short soft lobs before harder shots also demonstrates shaping.
- Improved worker productivity through notes of appreciation is a case of operant conditioning, focusing on positive reinforcement.
Associative Learning
- Both classical and operant conditioning are types of associative learning, where behaviors are linked to stimuli or consequences.
- Classical conditioning establishes learned associations between two stimuli, while operant conditioning links behavior to consequences.
Response Mechanisms
- An unconditioned response, like blinking to an air puff, contrasts with an operant behavior, like raising a hand to answer a question, showcasing different learning paths.
Extinction in Conditioning
- Extinction occurs when a conditioned response diminishes after the unconditioned stimulus is removed, as seen with dogs salivating to a tone without food.
- Learned helplessness can manifest in situations where individuals or animals perceive a lack of control, resulting in apathy.
Biological Influences on Learning
- Garcia and Koelling's rat studies show that biological predispositions affect classical conditioning, particularly evident in taste aversion.
- The idea that not all neutral stimuli can become conditioned stimuli is supported by findings on taste aversion.
Learning Without Immediate Interaction
- Evidence of latent learning indicates that knowledge can be acquired without direct reinforcement—this is demonstrated by rats navigating mazes after exploration.
- Cognitive maps in animals reflect internal representations of their environment formed through experience.
Insight Learning
- Insight learning occurs suddenly, as illustrated by chimpanzees discovering solutions to reach goals without trial and error.
- Caroline’s sudden realization on how to continue her essay reflects the concept of insight learning, showing how solutions can emerge after a mental break.
Motivation Types
- Intrinsic motivation arises from engaging in activities for their own enjoyment, demonstrated by Marcy’s joy in growing roses.
- Extrinsic motivation is driven by external outcomes, such as monetary rewards, potentially undermining intrinsic enjoyment.
Reinforcement Effects
- Promising rewards for enjoyable activities can diminish intrinsic motivation, revealing a tension between internal desires and external incentives.
- Utilizing incentives such as gold stars can discourage the natural desire to learn out of curiosity, as seen in classroom dynamics.
Cognitive Aspects of Learning
- Associative learning involves cognitive processes, as shown by Nikki associating thunder sounds with lightning flashes.
- Rats exposed to unavoidable shocks illustrate learned helplessness, a profound impact of uncontrollable situations.
Consequences of Learned Helplessness
- Experiences of extreme adversity can lead to learned helplessness, as seen in Mr. Sternberg's apathy after traumatic experiences in a concentration camp.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your understanding of Chapter 6 concepts through these flashcards. Focus on learning strategies such as shaping, generalization, and how they apply to sports instruction. Perfect for reinforcing key principles before diving deeper.
