Psychology Chapter 5: Self-Knowledge and Self-Evaluation
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Questions and Answers

How does the social comparison theory suggest we learn about our own abilities and attitudes?

  • By observing the behavior of others in various situations.
  • By seeking feedback from trusted individuals, like mentors or family members.
  • By reflecting on our personal experiences and past successes.
  • By comparing ourselves to other people, both better and worse than us. (correct)

    • What is the main difference between upward and downward social comparison?

  • Upward comparison involves comparing ourselves to those better than us, while downward comparison involves comparing ourselves to those worse than us. (correct)
  • Upward comparison is more common in individualistic cultures, while downward comparison is more prevalent in collectivist cultures.
  • Upward comparison leads to feelings of inadequacy, while downward comparison leads to feelings of superiority.
  • Upward comparison focuses on our strengths, while downward comparison focuses on our weaknesses.

    • What is the key factor in determining the effectiveness of social comparison?

  • The individual's motivation to improve themselves.
  • The similarity between the individual and the target of comparison.
  • The availability of accurate and objective information about the target of comparison.
  • The individual's level of self-esteem and confidence.
  • The attainability of the target of comparison's traits or abilities. (correct)

    • How do collectivist and individualistic cultures differ in their approach to social comparison?

    <p>Collectivist cultures prioritize avoiding failure, while individualistic cultures prioritize achieving success. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the sociometer theory?

    <p>It focuses on the impact of personal achievements on our self-esteem. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between self-enhancement and self-verification theory?

    <p>Self-enhancement emphasizes positive self-views, while self-verification theory emphasizes accurate self-views. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the "false uniqueness effect"?

    <p>The tendency to exaggerate our uniqueness and believe that we are more special than we really are. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of self-evaluation does the text state is important for maintaining consistency in our self-concept?

    <p>The need for truth and accuracy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does the Absorption Addiction Model relate to?

    <p>Celebrity worship and materialism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In collectivist cultures, how is self-concept clarity related to self-esteem for both genders?

    <p>Both are positively related (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which view of the self is more common among men in individualistic cultures?

    <p>An independent view of the self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Markus and Kitayama, how is the boundary defined in the independent self construal?

    <p>Solid boundary with no overlap (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction in how women view the self in individualistic cultures?

    <p>They adopt a relational interdependent view (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension is characterized by not sacrificing self-interest for the group?

    <p>Collectivism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of gender differences, which dimension shows that women score higher?

    <p>Relatedness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cultural perspective focuses on evaluating oneself based on private experiences?

    <p>Western cultures (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of thoughts about oneself are typically conscious?

    <p>8% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of escape involves positive outcomes like spirituality or flow experiences?

    <p>Positive escape (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension is linked to asserting one's opposition strongly?

    <p>Assertiveness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of perspective taking, which group was found to be more attuned to their partner's perspective?

    <p>Chinese participants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of self-awareness theory?

    <p>Evaluating behavior against internal standards (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'self-concept' refer to?

    <p>Knowledge about who we are (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to William James, which part of the self is considered the 'knower'?

    <p>I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-awareness primarily concerned with?

    <p>The act of thinking about ourselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do self-schemas influence?

    <p>What we notice and think about regarding ourselves (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by self-concept clarity?

    <p>The extent to which self-knowledge is clearly defined (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine self-recognition in humans?

    <p>The Rouge test (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does social interaction play in the development of the self?

    <p>It provides context for the social self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of knowing ourselves, according to the content?

    <p>Recalling dreams (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the cultural dimension of interdependence on perspective taking?

    <p>Chinese individuals tend to be better perspective takers than Americans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept explains the tendency to explain our feelings and behaviors beyond what we truly understand?

    <p>Telling more than we can know (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Self-Perception Theory, how do individuals come to understand their feelings about a situation?

    <p>By observing their own behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Over justification effect an example of in terms of motivation?

    <p>Undermining intrinsic motivation by introducing extrinsic rewards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Looking-glass Self concept emphasize regarding self-perception?

    <p>Our self-concept is influenced by how others perceive us. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context does Social Comparison Theory typically come into play?

    <p>When no objective standard exists to measure abilities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive depletion refer to in regard to self-control?

    <p>The idea that mental resources are quickly exhausted. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group likely gave up quicker on an unsolvable puzzle in Baumeister's study?

    <p>The radish group due to cognitive depletion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Increased Neuroticism

    A personality trait characterized by anxiety, emotional instability, and negative thinking.

    Self-Concept Clarity

    The extent to which individuals clearly understand their beliefs, values, and self-identity.

    Independent Self Construal

    A self-view where individuals see themselves as distinct from others, emphasizing personal attributes.

    Interdependent Self Construal

    A self-view that highlights connections to others and the importance of relationships.

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    Cultural Differences in Self-View

    Variations in how people from different cultures perceive themselves, either independently or interdependently.

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    Collectivism

    Prioritizing group goals over individual interests.

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    Agency

    Desire for group members to share the same opinions.

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    Assertiveness

    The act of expressing opposition strongly within a group.

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    Relatedness

    The tendency to act based on personal feelings regardless of others' feelings.

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    Cultural Differences

    Variations in behaviors and beliefs between Eastern and Western cultures.

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    Self-Awareness Theory

    Evaluating one's behavior against personal standards when self-focused.

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    Cultural Self-Awareness

    Eastern cultures value an outsider's view; Western cultures focus inward.

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    Perspective Taking

    Ability to understand another's viewpoint; varies by culture.

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    Cultural Dimension of Interdependence

    Focus on the collective perspective, enhancing empathy in cultural contexts like China.

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    Telling More than We Can Know

    The tendency to provide more explanations for feelings than one understands.

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    Self-Perception Theory

    When uncertain about feelings, individuals deduce them from their behaviors.

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    Overjustification Effect

    Extrinsic rewards diminish intrinsic motivation, particularly in enjoyable tasks.

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    Looking-glass Self

    Concept where self-perception is shaped by others' views.

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    Social Comparison Theory

    We evaluate ourselves by comparing to others when objective standards are absent.

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    Executive Function

    Cognitive processes for self-regulation and decision-making.

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    Cognitive Depletion

    The idea that self-control and decision-making resources are limited.

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    Self-concept

    Knowledge about who we are, including traits and preferences.

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    Self-awareness

    The act of thinking about ourselves, understanding our identity.

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    Self-recognition

    The ability to recognize oneself as an individual.

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    Self-schemas

    Knowledge about the self that affects perception and memory.

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    Me and I (William James)

    ME is the observed self; I is the observing self.

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    Introspection

    The process of examining one's own thoughts and feelings.

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    Social self

    The self that develops in social and cultural contexts.

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    Downward Social Comparison

    Comparing ourselves to others who are worse in traits or abilities.

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    Upward Social Comparison

    Comparing ourselves to those who are better in traits or abilities.

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    Self-Esteem

    Our evaluation of our own abilities and attitudes.

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    Sociometer Theory

    The idea that self-esteem reflects our social acceptance and relationships.

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    Self-Enhancement

    Holding unrealistic positive views about ourselves.

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    False Uniqueness Effect

    The tendency to underestimate the degree to which others share our qualities.

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    Self-Verification Theory

    The drive to seek confirmation of our self-concept.

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    Cultural Differences in Motivation

    Variations in motivation based on cultural factors; collectivists avoid failure, individualists seek success.

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    Study Notes

    Chapter 5: Self-Knowledge and Self-Evaluation

    • This chapter explores the nature of the self, including self-knowledge and self-evaluation.
    • Self-knowledge is examined through various perspectives, including introspection, observing one's own behaviour, social interaction, and comparing oneself to others.
    • The importance of needing to feel good about oneself is considered.
    • Self-evaluation is discussed in terms of accuracy and potential biases.

    Self-Concept

    • Self-concept is the knowledge about who we are.
    • Self-awareness is the act of thinking about ourselves.
    • The combination of self-concept and self-awareness creates a coherent sense of identity.
    • Self-concept is a psychological structure or process involved in attending to, thinking about, evaluating, and regulating the individual.

    Self-Recognition

    • Self-recognition is explored.
    • Rouge test methods are described as being useful in assessing self-recognition.
    • It is discussed if humans are unique in the way they view themselves.

    The Content of the Self: Self-Schemas

    • Self-schemas are knowledge about the self that includes attitudes, preferences, and traits.
    • These schemas influence what people notice, think about, and remember about themselves.

    Self-Concept Clarity

    • Self-concept clarity is the extent to which knowledge about the self is clearly and consistently defined.
    • Increased neuroticism and decreased self-esteem are associated with low self-concept clarity.
    • Increased rumination is also linked, along with celebrity worship, materialism, and compulsive buying.
    • Empty self theory and absorption addiction model are mentioned.

    Cultural Differences

    • Western cultures generally have an independent view of the self.
    • Collectivist cultures generally have an interdependent view of the self.
    • Self-concept clarity and self-esteem are positively related in Western cultures.
    • Self-concept clarity and self-esteem are related in collectivist cultures.

    Self: The I and the Me

    • According to William James (1890), the self is composed of two parts: "I" and "Me".
    • The "I" is the thinking subject that observes and describes the self (the knower).
    • The "Me" is the object of thinking; what can be known and observed (the known).
    • The self develops within the interpersonal, socio-cultural context.

    Culture & Self (Markus & Kitayama, 1991)

    • Independent self-construal: circles don't overlap, solid boundaries, Xs not shared, boundary between ingroup and outgroup is dotted.
    • Interdependent self-construal: circles overlap, dotted boundary, Xs shared, solid boundary between outgroup and ingroup.

    Gender Differences

    • In individualistic cultures, men often adopt an independent view of self, while women have a more relational, interdependent view.
    • In collectivist cultures, both genders tend to have a relational view of the self that emphasizes interdependence.
    • However, even in individualistic cultures, men demonstrate some collective interdependence, but it is typically less emphasized than individual interdependence.

    Self-Knowledge: Telling More Than We Can Know

    • Verbal reports on mental processes might be inaccurate.
    • People often explain their feelings and behaviour more than they truly understand.
    • Casual theories that people create to explain their actions may not always reflect the underlying reasons for their behaviour.

    Self-Awareness Theory

    • Self-awareness theory proposes that when people focus on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behaviour to their internal standards and values.
    • Congruence between behaviour and internal standards leads to positive self-evaluations and self-regulation.
    • Discrepancies between behaviour and standards can lead to negative emotions and motivational strategies like escape. This escape could be, in positive ways, religious experiences or spirituality or negative ways through substance abuse.

    Cultural Differences in Self-Awareness

    • Eastern cultures tend to emphasize an outside perspective, viewing themselves through the eyes of others.
    • Western cultures emphasize an inside perspective, focusing on private experiences.

    Perspective Taking

    • Participants from Chinese backgrounds are more attentive to their partner's perspective compared with American participants.
    • Interdependence often causes better perspective taking abilities in Chinese people compared to Americans.

    Self-Perception Theory

    • This theory suggests we determine our own attitudes by observing our own behaviour.
    • People infer their internal attitudes from their own behaviours, particularly in situations where their initial attitudes are unclear or ambiguous.

    Over Justification Effect

    • When extrinsic rewards are introduced for activities that were initially intrinsically motivated, people experience a reduction in their intrinsic motivation.

    Knowing Ourselves Through Other People

    • Looking-glass self: we see ourselves through the eyes of others and incorporate their views into our self-concept.
    • Social comparison theory: we learn about ourselves by comparing ourselves to others, particularly to similar others.

    Self-Esteem

    • Downward social comparison: comparing ourselves to those who are worse than us in a particular trait or ability, which helps improve self-esteem.
    • Upward social comparison: comparing ourselves to those who are better than us in a particular trait or ability; it is a valuable tool for motivation, but can lead to negative feelings of inadequacy.

    Social Comparison and Culture

    • European-Canadians are more motivated by positive role models, while Asian-Canadians are more motivated by negative role models.

    Self-Esteem: Social Acceptance

    • Sociometer theory suggests that self-esteem acts as a gauge of social acceptance and belonging.
    • Self-esteem is partly a function of anticipated or actual social inclusion.

    Self-Evaluation: Biased

    • Self-enhancement: unrealistically positive views about oneself, which is associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction.
    • False uniqueness effect: tendency to see our own characteristics as more unique or exceptional than they actually are.
    • Cultural differences exist, with Western cultures showing a bias toward self-enhancement, while Asian cultures tend to exhibit self-effacement (negative view).

    Self-Evaluation: Accurate

    • Self-verification theory: people seek out and maintain feedback that confirms their self-concept.
    • Consistency and congruence in self-concept are important.
    • There are needs for truth, dimension, and relationships.

    Who Am I? Coding

    • Physical Self-Descriptions: refer to physical qualities.
    • Social Self-Descriptions: refer to relationships, group memberships, social roles.
    • Psychological Self-Descriptions: refer to psychological traits, states and attitudes.
    • Holistic Self-Descriptions: refer to comprehensive or vague characteristics.

    Self-Control

    • Executive function and self-regulation are crucial for self-control.
    • Cognitive depletion: Suggests that exerting self-control is like using up a limited resource.
    • Implementation intentions can strengthen self-regulation.

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    Description

    This quiz covers Chapter 5 on self-knowledge and self-evaluation from psychology. It delves into concepts like self-concept, self-awareness, and self-recognition, discussing their implications for personal identity and self-esteem. Explore how individuals assess their selves through various methods and influences.

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