Psychology Chapter 5 Quiz

Psychoanalytic Theory and Neo-Freudians

• Sigmund Freud was born in the Czech Republic in 1856.
• Freud's family moved to Vienna when he was 5 years old.
• Freud was a medical doctor at the University of Vienna.
• Freud left Austria after Hitler rose to power.
• Freud believed that war revealed a pervasive aggressive and destructive urge in people.
• Freud became a psychiatrist.
• Freud used cocaine.
• Freud died from cancer of the mouth in 1939.

Freud's Neuroses

• Freud smoked approximately 20 cigars daily.
• Freud had fears related to travel.
• Freud experienced anxiety.
• Freud practiced celibacy at age 41 to presumably sublimate his libido for creative purposes.
• Freud reportedly disliked sex.

Celebrity Status

• Freud was a prominent figure in popular culture.
• Freud received prominent media attention.
• Magazines like TIME featured him, including a cover story questioning if he was "dead".

Influences: Josef Bruer

• Josef Bruer was an Austrian physician and physiologist.
• Bruer is considered the 'grandfather' of psychoanalysis.
• Bruer referred patients to Freud.

Influences: Jean-Martin Charcot

• Jean-Martin Charcot was a French neurologist.
• Charcot was a prominent figure in the emergence of hysteria treatments.
• Charcot used hypnosis to treat hysteria.

Anna O. (Bertha Pappenheim)

• Anna O., (Bertha Pappenheim) suffered a range of puzzling symptoms.
• Anna O. experienced paralysis, vivid dreams, and hallucinations.
• Bruer treated Anna O. and she recovered over time.
• Some accounts embellish what could have happened.

Frau Emmy von N. (Fanny Moser)

• Frau Emmy von N. (Fanny Moser) was Freud's first hysteria patient.
• Frau Emmy suffered from physical and verbal tics.
• She was easily susceptible to hypnosis.
• Frau Emmy later suffered a relapse after leaving Freud's care.
• The case was not considered a success overall.

A Rare Modest Moment?

• Freud's words indicate he did not view himself as a key figure in the earliest phases of psychoanalysis.
• Dr. Josef Breuer introduced a method of dealing with hysteria to a patient in 1880.
• Freud was a student at the time and played a secondary role.

Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Psychic Determinism

• Freud did not believe in miracles, free will, or random accidents.
• Freud believed that psychological and behavioral contradictions could be resolved through understanding.
• This led to the theory of the unconscious.
• Freud's views on the theory of evolution influenced his beliefs. Freud initially aligned with Lamarckian evolution that traits were acquired within a lifetime and then were passed on in the short term; he later adopted Darwinian theory that changes happened slowly over long periods.

Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Internal Structure

• The mind is composed of separate parts.
• These parts operate independently and conflict with one another.
• The Id is driven by irrational emotions.
• The Ego is guided by reason.
• The Super Ego is grounded in morality.

Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Psychic Conflict & Compromise

• The mind is capable of conflict with itself.
• Compromise formation is the result of the ego's function.
• Thought and behavior are conscious outcomes of conflict.

Key Ideas of Psychoanalysis: Mental Energy

• The mind requires energy/libido.
• Libido is fixed and finite.
• Some psychoanalytic implications are not upheld by contemporary research.
• Modern thought suggests information processing capacity is limited.

Psychoanalysis, Life, & Death

• Libido (Eros) is a fundamental motive linked to creation, protection, enjoyment, creativity, productivity, and growth.
• Thanatos is a fundamental motive related to destructive actions and the acceptance of death.
• Thanatos can be viewed similarly to entropy.

Psychosexual Development

• Psychosexual development focuses on psychic energy's location and application.
• Freud's theory details stages of development with particular physical focuses and themes related to psychological development.
• Stages culminate in an adult character type.

Psychosexual Stages

• Freud's stages of psychosexual development cover various ages, focusing on different areas of the body (libido), major developments occurring in each stage, and traits that can result during each stage from fixation.

Psychological Development: Oral Stage

• Oral stage development occurs from birth to 18 months.
• Physical focus is on the mouth and associated areas.
• The development of dependency and passivity are key themes.
• Fixation can lead to a duality between independent or passive adult character types.

Psychological Development: Anal Stage

• Stage 1 covers development from 18 months to 3 years.
• The physical focus is on the anus and urination/bowel functions.
• The psychological themes involve self-control and obedience.
• Two potential outcomes from this stage are overly controlled or under controlled adult character types arising from fixation issues.

Psychological Development: Phallic Stage

• The phallic stage's time range is approximately 3.5 years to 7 years.
• The physical focus centers on the genitals.
• The psychological theme focuses on gender identity, sexuality, love, jealousy, development of morality and the superego.
• Fixation can lead to rigid moral codes or a lack of moral code, traits such as asexual or promiscuous behavior becoming part of the adult character type.

Psychological Development: Latency Stage

• The latency stage covers development from 7 years to puberty.
• This stage is characterized as a break from development with a concentration on completing tasks associated with childhood.

Psychological Development: Genital Stage

• The genital stage covers development in adolescence to adulthood.
• The physical focus is on the genitals, focusing on sexuality in a mature relationship setting.
• Psychological themes include maturity and balance.
• Successful development can result in a fully functioning, psychologically stable adult.

Psychological Development: Moving Through Stages

• A comparison exists to an army conquering territory; the psychological stages are related.
• Opposition elicits conflict; "fixation" occurs when troops are left behind.
• "Regression" involves retreating to previous "strongholds".
• A "victory" is associated with successful completion of the genital stage with most of the "army" remaining intact/unimpaired.

Psychological Development

• This section asks for examples of characters or people from movies, TV, or literature that exhibit character traits associated with different psychosexual stages.
• The question asks for similarities between a character type/trait and how it might relate to the stage in question.
• The section also addresses previous events/circumstances that might lead to fixation on a character.

Thinking and Consciousness: Levels of Consciousness

• Freud divides the mind into sections including the conscious mind, the preconscious, and the unconscious portions, with the unconscious being the most important part.
• The conscious mind is the least important component, with parts of the ego only consciously recognized.
• The preconscious contains both the id and the ego and is the more important part of the mind; it is easier to retrieve thoughts from the preconscious
• The unconscious mind includes all of the id, most of the superego, and parts of the ego; it is the most important but most difficult to retrieve.

Parapraxes

• Parapraxes, or Freudian slips, are the result of repression and the interplay of conscious and unconscious processes.
• They typically occur in speech or actions and result from factors like fatigue, inattention, or excitement.

Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms

• Anxiety can arise from environmental factors, or internal conflict (between parts of the mind, or in situations).
• Defense mechanisms are employed to reduce anxiety

Anxiety and Defense Mechanisms: List of Defense Mechanisms

• Denial
• Repression
• Reaction formation
• Projection
• Rationalization
• Intellectualization
• Displacement
• Sublimation

Psychoanalysis as a Therapy & Route Toward Understanding

• Psychoanalysis is a therapeutic approach that aims to resolve unconscious conflicts.
• The process is time-consuming and emotionally challenging for the patient.
• A therapeutic alliance (with transference) helps patients work though unresolved conflicts.

Psychoanalysis as a Therapy & Route: Criticisms

• Psychoanalysis is criticized for its low cure rate and extended treatment length.
• Recent research has pointed to benefits of longer-term psychoanalysis.
• Psychoanalysis is regarded by some as a tool to understand human nature and culture rather than a specific therapy/cure.

Controversy

• A critique of psychoanalysis is its focus on sex and sexual energy, which many find morally objectionable.
• Psychoanalytic theory's scientific method is regarded as problematic by many.
• Individuals often resist having their motivations or actions explained, regardless of their correctness.

Psychoanalytic Theory: A Critique

• Psychoanalytic theory is complex.
• The case study method relies on introspection, increasing the likelihood of bias.
• Concepts often lack "operational definitions".

Psychoanalytic Theory: Further Critiques

• Psychoanalytic theory is hard to test or prove wrong.
• Assumptions in psychoanalytic theory can be sexist.
• Freud's theories may underemphasize or ignore other important ideas/perspectives.

Why Study Freud?

• Freud's theories have influenced contemporary conceptualizations of the mind.
• Psychoanalytic theory has influenced the practice of psychotherapy.
• Psychoanalytic ideas are present in popular culture.

Some Final Words (BBC, 1938)

• Freud viewed psychoanalysis as a new science growing from treating neurotic patients with new discoveries about the unconscious.

Interpreting Freud

• It's challenging to accurately interpret Freud due to his changing viewpoint/opinions.
• Psychoanalytic theory needs adaptation based on contemporary information, including revisiting the Oedipal crisis, viewing libido as a "life drive", and recognizing the evolving social environment impacting development.

Neo-Freudian Psychology

• Neo-Freudian theorists, including Anna Freud, Bruno Bettelheim, Harry Stack Sullivan, and Henry Murray, developed theories building on Freud's, with similar therapeutic methods.

The Neo-Freudians: Differences from Freud

• These theorists differed from Freud in their less emphasis on libido, unconscious drives, and instinctual drives as motivators for psychological problems and more on interpersonal relationships.

But Still Psychoanalysts?

• Neo-Freudian theorists, while having differing approaches, recognized the value of the "talking cure" (psychotherapy) associated with Freud.

Developments in Psychoanalysis

• Continued refinements of psychoanalytic theory by clinical practitioners and theorists.

Inferiority and Compensation: Alfred Adler

• Alfred Adler believed that Freud overemphasized sex.
• Adler believed that societal factors, including social interest, are more important for understanding psychological development.
• Adler believed that perceived weakness is more important than true weakness.
• The "masculine protest" is a concept that includes and extends to women. It helps provide insight into universal needs.
• The style of life is a concept that reflects a unique development and experience.

The Collective Unconscious, Persona, & Personality: Carl Jung

• Carl Jung introduced the concept of the collective unconscious.
• Jung focused on the presence of archetypes such as the Earth mother, hero, devil, and supreme being.
• These archetypes are recognized in dreams, fantasies, mythology, and modern literature.

The Collective Unconscious, Persona, & Personality: Persona

• Jung's persona is a social mask that people adopt for different situations.
• Jungian theory recognizes the duality/complexity of the persona including that it might be false to some degree and could be dangerous if overused.
• The concepts of anima and animus address the masculine and feminine aspects in everyone.

The Collective Unconscious, Persona, & Personality; Introverts vs. Extraverts

• Jung proposed a concept of introverts versus extraverts to describe differences in psychological predisposition toward inward (introverted) or outward (extroverted) engagement.
• Jung suggested thinking, feeling, sensing, and intuition as important approaches depending on a person's needs.
• A balance between these approaches is ideal.
• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a tool based on Jung's principles.

Feminine Psychology and Basic Anxiety: Karen Horney

• Karen Horney challenged the concept of penis envy.
• Horney viewed basic anxiety as a crucial factor in adult behavior and neurotic needs.

Psychosocial Development: Erik Erikson

• Erikson believed many conflicts arise in various phases/stages of life and are conscious.

A Freudian to the Core?

• Erikson's work aligned somewhat with Freud's but differed in a nuanced sense.

Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

• A detailed table depicting various life stages, including development in childhood, transition years, and adulthood.
• Various crises result at different stages of life.

Psychosocial Development

• Freud's stages are revisited for each key stage of life highlighting the importance of developmental tasks for each stage of life.

Latter-Day Issues and Theorists: Object Relations Theory

• Object relations theory examines how relationships influence personality especially during infancy and how external and internalized objects contribute to personality development.

Melanie Klein and D. W. Winnicott

• Object relations focus centers on the relationship between objects and how this influence develops during infancy.
• Relationships between parts of the love object versus the whole person become important.
• Interactions often have the mix of love and hate.
• The relationship between the object and the self is often complex and contradictory.

'Good Breast, Bad Breast'

• The infant views the mother's breast as a "good breast" when satisfying, and "bad breast" when not satisfying.
• The mother (and/or object) has different characteristics and properties leading to a sense of love and hate on the part of the infant.
• The object (e.g., the breast or mother) is important to development and creates a full picture of the mother/adult figure as well.

Object Relations Therapy

• Play therapy is a method of recognizing emotional expressions.
• Recognizing love/hate aspects of relationships.
• Recognizing that people can view others in contradictory ways.

Object Relations Theory - False/True Self

• The true self is a complete self; the false self protects the true self from potential harm.
• Different degrees of adapting a false self exist (maladaptive to adaptive)

Object Relations Theory: Purpose of Object-Relations Therapy

• Help reduce discrepancies between true and false self.
• Help internal resources and defenses overcome irrational ones.
• Understand the individuals the client interacts with.

Klein's Object Relations Theory

• Object relation theory emphasizes interpersonal relationships.
• Infant relationships are with the mother, not the father.
• Human contact, rather than sexual pleasure, drives behavior

Winnicott's Object Relations Theory

• Successful relationships, particularly during early childhood, are important in avoiding later psychological problems.
• A relationship develops between the object and the subject, both internal and external (for example, internal and external mother).
• Gender development (male and female) differs based on the interactions with the first important person.

'No Such Thing as a Baby'

• The consistent presence of a caring adult is fundamental to a baby's development, particularly as a "good enough mother".
• Babies develop as a separate person from the mother through close identification and experiences.
• The mother's role is fundamental, including taking steps to support the emotional well-being of the child, and eventually enabling the child becoming independent

Three Ways a Mother Protects a Baby

• Holding
• Handling
• Object presenting – which help develop the "good-enough" mother.

Holding

• Empathic responsiveness/attunement by the parent to the baby/child is important to protect against shock.
• It helps the baby to process feelings and develop.
• Without holding, the baby can experience "shock and reaction" (lack of integration).

Handling

• Sensitive and responsive nurturing care is essential in development in order to build a stable unity of mind and body in young children.
• Too much or too little personal care can negatively impact development.
• Development is negatively impacted when physical or emotional care is impersonal or absent for too long.

Object Presenting

• The mother brings the external world to the baby in feeding situations.
• Consistent and positive experiences lead to greater understanding of relationships between child and others, and a sense of separateness.
• Challenges can arise with timing, or other issues in external and internalizing care. Some examples are difficulties of making contact, difficulty feeling self-sufficient, and a sense of distrust.

Limitations/Criticisms of Winnicott's Object Relations Theory

• Winnicott appears to consider children and mothers as a single entity for most of the theory.
• Theoretical understanding of mothers and children during WWII is limited, and might be biased toward Europe.
• Theoretical perspectives might not be generalizable, and not necessarily equally relevant for all mothers or children.
• Winnicott's perspectives regarding mothers seem to lack diversity/generalization for other experiences.

Current Psychoanalytic Research

• Current research explores independent and simultaneous mental processes. It acknowledges unconscious mental processes, mental conflicts, and negotiated compromises outside of awareness.
• Self defense mechanisms, and the impact of the past on current mental functioning are addressed.

Current Psychoanalytic Research: Testing Psychoanalytic Hypotheses

• Perceptual defense: The unconscious mind influences perceptions to avoid anxiety.
• "Dirty" versus "neutral" words: Studies explore differences in perception of these types of words.
• Parallel distributed processing (PDP): Processing takes place within multiple components at the same time, often with conflict.
• Exploring traits like anal/oral characters and if they correlate the way theory suggests

Psychoanalysis in Perspective

• Evaluating psychoanalytic theories can be difficult due to its abstract nature.
• Many psychological ideas were influenced by psychoanalysis.
• It may be helpful to look beyond published evidence to evaluate its usefulness.

Psychoanalysis in Perspective: Reflect

• Psychoanalysis encourages reflection on how it may change how you think about things you previously did not understand.

Test your knowledge on Freudian psychological development with this quiz focusing on the genital stage and various defense mechanisms. Explore concepts such as the topographic model of consciousness and slips of the tongue that reveal unconscious thoughts. Challenge yourself on key achievements related to psychological maturity and fixation.