Psychology Chapter 5: Identity and Development

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary behavior observed in participants when exposed to a consistent minority opinion regarding slide color?

They exclusively reported seeing blue slides

They were unaffected by others' opinions

They conformed more to the consistent minority than the inconsistent minority (correct)

They rejected the minority's opinion

In the context of the dictator game, what role does Player 1 take on?

Mediator between players

Observer of the game

Allocator of the money (correct)

Recipient of the money

Which of the following concepts is contrasted with normative influence in the content provided?

Cognitive dissonance

Social facilitation

Informational influence (correct)

Peer pressure

What was the outcome for participants when they were privately asked to evaluate the slides again?

They indicated more green slides than those in the control condition Signup and view all the answers

What underlying assumption regarding human nature is discussed based on thinkers like Freud and Machiavelli?

Humans are fundamentally selfish and driven by personal gain Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the target problems associated with 'The Elephant Tale'?

The boy suggesting weighing an elephant in water Signup and view all the answers

What increased the likelihood of solving the insight problems in the study?

Remembering the analogous story relevant to the problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the second fundamental relationship in child development according to the content?

The child’s phenotypes are expressions of their genotypes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following elements does NOT influence developmental diversity?

Societal norms Signup and view all the answers

What was a limitation of the study regarding insight problems?

Cultural experiences were not adequately considered Signup and view all the answers

Which component of child development refers to the observable expression of genetic material?

Phenotype Signup and view all the answers

What type of problems were included in the study alongside the target problems?

Control problems with no known relevant source analogues Signup and view all the answers

How is developmental diversity primarily achieved?

Through the interplay of genes and experiences Signup and view all the answers

What are the two fundamental dimensions that explain 90% of the variance in traits according to Abele & Wojciszke?

Warmth and Competence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about warmth and competence judgements is true?

Warmth judgements are more important and quicker to form. Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'innuendo effect' in impression formation?

Inferring qualities without concrete evidence. Signup and view all the answers

Which method of impression updating involves adding values of each trait and dividing by the number of traits?

Averaging Signup and view all the answers

Among the methods of impression formation, which one uses a mechanical combination of information?

Algebraic impression formation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of impression formation, what does a weighted average involve?

Multiplying trait values by specific weights. Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best describes someone who is judged as 'cold and competent'?

Unapproachable yet successful. Signup and view all the answers

Impression formation refers to which of the following?

Combining information about others to make judgments. Signup and view all the answers

How do socialization agents model behavior?

Through direct instructions and indirect exposure to contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'looking glass self' concept emphasize?

Reactions from others serve as a reflection of our self-image. Signup and view all the answers

According to Tice's 1992 study, how does social context affect personality?

Public conditions encourage more extroverted behavior than private settings. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of identity is highlighted by Tajfel's theory?

Belonging to social groups plays a key role in shaping identity. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'self-categorization theory' explain about human behavior?

It is a fundamental human process that helps us make sense of social differences. Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural identity encompass?

A total way of life shaped by group associations from birth. Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of 'the social me' differ from other self-conceptions?

It includes knowledge about ourselves shaped by interpersonal relationships. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the working self-concept?

It refers to an awareness of the self relevant to specific relational contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What factor tends to lead to greater generosity in allocators?

Social orientation and trust Signup and view all the answers

What effect does prosocial spending have on people's behavior over time?

It fosters more helping behaviors Signup and view all the answers

In the context of social loafing, what is one reason people exert less effort in group tasks?

The belief that their effort will not be recognized Signup and view all the answers

At what age does prosocial spending behavior begin to manifest in individuals?

At 1 year old Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason why individuals might engage in social loafing?

Feeling their contribution will be visible Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary conclusion from Ringelmann's investigation on social performance?

Individual effort decreases as group size increases Signup and view all the answers

Which study illustrated that anonymity affects the amount allocated by individuals?

Hoffman et al., 1996 Signup and view all the answers

What is a psychological universal observed concerning prosocial spending?

It tends to increase happiness across various cultures Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Analogical Transfer

Participants who remembered an analogous story were more likely to solve the insight problem.
American and Chinese participants performed well on problems solved in European versus Chinese folk tales.

Developmental Diversity

Developmental diversity stems from the interplay of genes and experience.
Genotype: the genetic makeup a person inherits.
Phenotype: the observable expression of the genotype.
Environment: all other aspects excluding genetic material.

Four Relationships

Transmission of chromosomes and genes: Dominant and recessive genotypes.
Child’s phenotypes: Expressions of their genotypes.
Socialisation: Models appropriate behavior directly (e.g., parents) and indirectly (e.g., context).
Cooley’s Looking Glass Self: We see ourselves through the eyes of others—their reactions shape our self-concept.

Social context influences personality.
Social Identity: We derive a sense of identity from groups we belong to.
Social Me: The aspects of ourselves we learn from social relationships.
Working Self-Concept: The subset of self-knowledge relevant to a particular context.

Self-Categorisation Theory

Categorisation: A basic human process that involves grouping things for understanding.
It emphasizes differences between groups and similarities within groups.
Ingroups: Groups we belong to.
Outgroups: Groups we don't belong to.

Cultural Identity

Our sense of self is shaped by the cultures we belong to (e.g., nationality, ethnicity).
It's a form of social identity that often begins from birth, encompassing a way of life and worldview.

Warmth And Competence

We judge others based on warmth and competence, which are independent dimensions but important for forming impressions.
Warmth judgments are primary and made more quickly than competence judgments.

Impression by Innuendo

We infer qualities about people even without concrete evidence, forming a well-rounded impression.
This can occur through statements that suggest positive or negative traits ("Pat seems like a very nice person").

Impression Formation

Impressions are formed and updated through two mechanisms:
- Algebraically: A mechanical combination of information about a person.
- Informationally: Social influence.

Ways To Combine Information

Summative: Adding values across traits.
Averaging: Adding values and dividing by the number of traits.
Weighted Averaging: Multiplying values by the weight of each trait.

Consistent minority opinion can influence individual judgments.
Exposure to a consistent minority can lead to a shift in private attitudes.
Normative Influence: Conforming to avoid social disapproval.
Informational Influence: Conforming due to uncertainty about the correct answer or belief.

Human Selfishness

A common Western assumption is that humans are inherently selfish.
Freud: Actions are driven by the "pleasure principle."
Machiavelli: Humans are "fickle, hypocritical, and greedy."

The Dictator Game

A paradigm for studying generosity and trust.
A player (the allocator) decides how much money to give to another player (the recipient).

Factors Affecting Generosity

Social Closeness: Allocators tend to give more to people they know.
Trust: People who are more prosocial are more likely to give.
Demographics: Women and older people might be more generous.

Giving Feels Good

Spending money on others increases happiness.
Tax contributions that benefit others lead to greater happiness.
Prosocial spending forms a positive feedback loop—helping others feels good.

People exert less effort on group tasks when individual contributions are unmonitored.
Equity: The belief that others won't work hard in groups.
Deindividuation: Feeling like one can hide in a crowd, reducing pressure to contribute.
Reward: The belief that individual effort won't be recognized.

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Description

Explore the concepts of analogical transfer, developmental diversity, and social identity in this quiz. Understand how genetic and environmental factors shape self-concept and personality across different cultures. Test your knowledge on pivotal theories and their implications in developmental psychology.