Questions and Answers
What is consciousness as a construct?
A construct is a concept used to talk about something we cannot see, touch or measure directly.
What are the three uses of the term consciousness?
Match the following levels of consciousness with their descriptions:
Preconscious = Information not currently in awareness but can be recalled Unconscious = Information that is generally unavailable to awareness Nonconscious = Biological functions that occur without conscious awareness
Altered states of consciousness can include changes in sense of self.
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What do circadian rhythms govern?
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How many stages of sleep are there?
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What happens during REM sleep?
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Why do we sleep? (Select all that apply)
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What were some effects observed in Randy Gardner's sleep deprivation study?
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Study Notes
Consciousness as a Construct
- A construct is a conceptual tool for discussing non-physical entities like intelligence and emotions.
- Constructs are recognized by their influence on behavior.
Meanings of Consciousness
- Overall definition: consciousness denotes awareness.
- Sensory Awareness: Awareness of external stimuli through senses; understanding the environment.
- Direct Inner Awareness: Awareness of internal experiences or memories, even without current sensory input, e.g., recalling feelings or past events.
Levels of Consciousness
- Preconscious Level: Thoughts that are not active but can be recalled, such as recent meals.
- Unconscious Level: Freud's theory proposes a hidden subconscious that holds suppressed memories and emotions, aiding in emotional protection.
- Nonconscious Level: Biological functions happening outside of conscious awareness, like hair growth.
Altered States of Consciousness
- Changes in perception of self and the environment can occur due to substances like drugs, including LSD and alcohol.
Circadian Rhythms
- Biological clocks regulate functions, including sleep-wake cycles, over approximately 24 hours.
- Notable rhythms encompass changes in temperature, blood pressure, and alertness throughout the day.
Stages of Sleep
- Identified via brain wave patterns using EEG technology.
- Awake State: Characterized by beta waves; relaxed state transitions to alpha waves.
5 Stages of Sleep
- Stage 1: Lightest sleep; typically lasts for 30-40 minutes.
- Stages 2-4: Deeper sleep occurs with delta waves, with Stage 4 being the deepest and most difficult to awaken from.
- After reaching Stage 4, the sleep cycle reverses, eventually entering REM sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and quite different brain wave activity.
Why Do We Sleep
- Sleep revitalizes the body, boosts immunity, and aids in psychological recovery.
- Sleep patterns tend to increase during stressful periods, affecting emotional and cognitive functioning.
Results of Gardner's Study
- Extended sleep deprivation caused irritability, focus issues, speech difficulties, and impaired memory.
- Sleep-deprived individuals experience a phenomenon called REM-rebound, entering REM sleep cycles quicker and more frequently in recovery.
Dreams
- Typically occur during REM sleep; recalling dreams can be challenging due to transitions between different states of consciousness.
- Dreams often mirror emotional experiences from waking life, paralleling good or bad days with corresponding dream quality.
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Description
This quiz covers key concepts from Chapter 5 of Psychology related to consciousness. It includes definitions and examples to help reinforce understanding of constructs and sensory awareness. Perfect for students preparing for exams or reviewing the material.
