Questions and Answers
What do developmental psychologists study?
Developmental psychology studies humans across the lifespan, focusing on growth and changes in physical, cognitive, social, and emotional aspects.
What factors are involved in the development of voluntarily controlled movement?
How do researchers study what infants know, remember, and sense?
Researchers study infants by measuring how long they look at particular things.
What is habituation?
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How did Piaget view cognitive development?
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How is theory of mind related to autism?
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What is temperament?
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What are the temperament classifications for babies?
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What is attachment?
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What did Harlow's monkeys reveal about attachment and maternal instinct?
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What is the Strange Situation test?
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What characterizes secure and insecure attachment styles?
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How do authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and negligent parents differ?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Focuses on human growth and changes throughout the lifespan: physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and personality development.
Voluntary Controlled Movement
- Key factors include reflexes such as sucking, grasping, rooting, and stepping.
- These reflexes typically diminish as infants gain control over their voluntary movements.
Infant Knowledge and Senses
- Researchers gauge infants' knowledge by tracking how long they look at objects.
- Prolonged gaze indicates recognition or memory of objects.
Habituation
- A form of non-associative learning where responses to a stimulus lessen after repeated exposure.
- Characterizes an innate reaction to stimuli that decreases over time.
Piaget's Cognitive Development Theory
- Cognitive development is a progressive reorganization of mental processes influenced by maturation and experience.
- Stages include:
- Sensorimotor: Birth to 18-24 months - development of object permanence.
- Preoperational: 18-24 months to age 7 - features egocentrism and basic reasoning.
- Concrete operational: 7 to 11 years - ability for logical thought about concrete events.
- Formal operational: Adolescence to adulthood - abstract thinking and problem-solving.
Theory of Mind and Autism
- Theory of mind involves understanding mental states in oneself and others.
- Individuals with autism spectrum disorder typically exhibit challenges in this area.
Temperament
- Defined as individual differences in emotional, motor, and attentional reactivity that is consistent across various situations.
- Represents relative stability over time.
Temperament Classifications
- Three main types of infant temperament: easy, slow-to-warm-up, and difficult.
Attachment Theory
- Emphasizes the need for a strong, primary caregiver relationship for healthy social and emotional development.
- Rooted in psychological, evolutionary, and ethological perspectives.
Harlow's Monkeys and Attachment
- Research demonstrated infants' preference for comfort through the cloth mother over the wire mother, highlighting emotional bonds over mere nutrition.
Strange Situation Test
- Developed by Mary Ainsworth to evaluate attachment styles in children.
- Involves observing a child's behavior in a controlled environment during separations and reunions with a caregiver.
Attachment Styles
- Secure attachment: Healthy, trusting relationships.
- Insecure avoidant attachment: Lack of emotional connection.
- Insecure ambivalent/resistant attachment: Anxiety in relationships.
- These patterns impact adult romantic relationships.
Parenting Styles
- Authoritative: High expectations with support and flexibility; fosters independence.
- Authoritarian: High expectations with strict rules; limited freedom.
- Permissive: Few demands and allows self-regulation; treats child as an equal.
- Negligent: Inadequate guidance and inattentiveness to the child's needs.
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Description
Explore key concepts in Developmental Psychology with these flashcards. This quiz delves into the study of human growth and the factors influencing voluntary movement control. Test your understanding of how individuals change and develop throughout their lives.