Psychology Chapter 5 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is a reflex?

A voluntary action

An involuntary response under personal control

A learned behavior

An involuntary response not under personal control (correct)

What is classical conditioning?

Learning to make associations.

What does unconditioned stimulus refer to?

A naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response.

What is an unconditioned response?

An involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is a neutral stimulus?

A stimulus that has no effect on the desired response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A stimulus that produces a learned reflex response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a conditioned response?

A learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What does stimulus generalization mean?

The tendency to respond to similar stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus discrimination?

The ability to differentiate between similar stimuli. Signup and view all the answers

What is extinction in classical conditioning?

The disappearance of a learned response. Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

The reappearance of a learned response after extinction. Signup and view all the answers

What is higher-order conditioning?

When a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is conditioned emotional response?

An emotional response that is classically conditioned. Signup and view all the answers

What is vicarious conditioning?

Classical conditioning by observing reactions of others. Signup and view all the answers

What is conditioned taste aversion?

Development of an aversive response to a taste following illness. Signup and view all the answers

What does biological preparedness imply?

Tendency to learn certain associations for survival. Signup and view all the answers

What is stimulus substitution?

Theory that the conditioned stimulus substitutes for the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cognitive perspective in classical conditioning?

Conditioning occurs due to expectancy of the unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What is operant conditioning?

Learning of voluntary behavior through consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the law of effect?

Pleasurable actions are likely to be repeated; unpleasant ones are not. Signup and view all the answers

What is an operant?

Any voluntary behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is reinforcement?

An event that increases the likelihood of a response. Signup and view all the answers

What are reinforcers?

Events or objects that increase response likelihood. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reinforcer?

A reinforcer that meets a basic biological need. Signup and view all the answers

What is a secondary reinforcer?

A reinforcer that gains value through association. Signup and view all the answers

What is positive reinforcement?

The addition of a pleasurable stimulus following a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

The removal of an unpleasant stimulus after a response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the partial reinforcement effect?

Responses reinforced after some correct answers are stronger. Signup and view all the answers

What is continuous reinforcement?

Reinforcement of every correct response. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement occurs after a consistent time interval. Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement occurs after varying time intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What is a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement occurs after a fixed number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

Reinforcement occurs after varying numbers of responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment?

An event that makes a response less likely to occur again. Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment by application?

Adding an unpleasant stimulus as punishment. Signup and view all the answers

What is punishment by removal?

Removing a pleasurable stimulus as punishment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a discriminative stimulus?

A cue that signals reinforcement availability. Signup and view all the answers

What is shaping?

Reinforcement of small steps leading to a complex behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What are successive approximations?

Small steps that lead to a specific goal behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is instinctive drift?

Return to genetically controlled behavior patterns. Signup and view all the answers

What is behavior modification?

Using operant conditioning techniques to change behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a token economy?

Behavior modification system using tokens as rewards. Signup and view all the answers

What is applied behavior analysis?

Use of behavior modification techniques to mold behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is biofeedback?

Using biological feedback to control involuntary responses. Signup and view all the answers

What is neurofeedback?

Using brain scans to modify behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is latent learning?

Learning that is not immediately evident. Signup and view all the answers

What is insight?

Sudden understanding of relationships that leads to problem-solving. Signup and view all the answers

What is learned helplessness?

Failing to act due to past failures. Signup and view all the answers

What is observational learning?

Learning behavior by watching a model. Signup and view all the answers

What is learning/performance distinction?

Learning can occur without behavior being demonstrated. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Reflex and Conditioning

Reflex is an involuntary response not controlled by choice.
Classical conditioning involves learning to associate a stimulus with a reflex response.

Key Terms in Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) naturally evokes an involuntary response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR) is the involuntary response to the UCS.
Neutral Stimulus (NS) does not trigger any response initially.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) becomes associated with the UCS, leading to a learned reflex.
Conditioned Response (CR) is the learned response to the CS.

Conditioning Concepts

Stimulus Generalization occurs when responses are made to similar stimuli.
Stimulus Discrimination is the ability to differentiate between stimuli that predict different outcomes.
Extinction refers to the weakening of a learned response when the UCS is removed.
Spontaneous Recovery is the sudden re-emergence of a previously extinguished response.

Advanced Conditioning Techniques

Higher-Order Conditioning occurs when a CS is paired with a new NS, forming a second CS.
Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) refers to emotional reactions that become associated with certain stimuli.
Vicarious Conditioning is learned responses developed by observing others' reactions.
Conditioned Taste Aversion is a strong response to a taste following a single pairing with illness.

Theories and Principles of Learning

Biological Preparedness describes the innate tendency of organisms to learn certain associations for survival.
Stimulus Substitution: early theory where CS is seen as a substitute for UCS.
Cognitive Perspective emphasizes expectations regarding the UCS based on the CS.

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning involves learning voluntary behaviors influenced by their consequences.
Law of Effect states that behaviors with positive outcomes are likely to be repeated, while those with negative outcomes are not.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a response being repeated.
Primary Reinforcers satisfy basic biological needs (e.g., food).
Secondary Reinforcers gain meaning through association with primary reinforcers.
Positive Reinforcement adds a rewarding stimulus; negative reinforcement removes an unpleasant stimulus.
Punishment reduces the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, either by application of an unpleasant stimulus or removal of a pleasant one.

Schedules of Reinforcement

Continuous Reinforcement rewards every correct response; Partial Reinforcement reinforces only some responses.
Fixed Interval Schedule provides reinforcement after a set time; Variable Interval Schedule gives reinforcement at unpredictable times.
Fixed Ratio Schedule requires a specific number of responses for reinforcement; Variable Ratio Schedule varies the number of responses needed.

Behavior Modification and Learning Techniques

Shaping uses reinforcement of successive approximations to build complex behaviors.
Behavior Modification employs operant conditioning techniques to change behaviors.
Token Economy rewards desired behaviors with tokens that can be exchanged for privileges.

Learning Beyond Conditioning

Latent Learning is knowledge that remains hidden until needed.
Insight refers to the sudden understanding of complex relationships in problems.
Learned Helplessness occurs when past failures deter individuals from acting.
Observational Learning is acquiring behaviors by observing others.
Learning/Performance Distinction highlights that knowledge can exist without demonstration of behavior.

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Description

Test your knowledge on key terms from Psychology Chapter 5. This quiz covers essential concepts such as reflexes, classical conditioning, and unconditioned stimuli. Perfect for those preparing for psychology exams or wanting to reinforce their understanding of psychology basics.