Psychology Chapter 4 Test Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is the transition between childhood and adulthood called?

Adolescence

Who said adolescence was a time of 'Storm and Stress'?

G. Stanley Hall

Who argued that adolescence could be a time of enjoyment and that 'storm and stress' is a product of industrialized society?

Margaret Mead

What percent of American adolescents encounter serious difficulties?

11% Signup and view all the answers

What percent of adolescents have sporadic problems?

32% Signup and view all the answers

What percent of adolescents enjoy basically healthy development?

57% Signup and view all the answers

Puberty in girls typically occurs between what ages?

8-10 Signup and view all the answers

Puberty in boys typically occurs between what ages?

9-16 Signup and view all the answers

What occurs just before puberty?

Growth spurt Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the growth spurt peak for girls?

12 Signup and view all the answers

At what age does the growth spurt peak for boys?

14 Signup and view all the answers

How long do growth spurts usually last?

2 years Signup and view all the answers

Girls experience menstrual periods between the ages of?

10-17 Signup and view all the answers

Boys experience spermarche between what ages?

12-13 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for uneven growth of body parts?

Asynchrony Signup and view all the answers

Since when have sexual behaviors in general not changed?

1970s Signup and view all the answers

What has influenced changes in attitudes towards sexual behavior?

AIDS and STDs Signup and view all the answers

Who described formal operations thinking?

Piaget Signup and view all the answers

At what ages does thinking become more abstract?

11-12 Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for examining one's thoughts and motives?

Introspection Signup and view all the answers

How do adolescents deal with overpowering emotional feelings?

Rationalization Signup and view all the answers

Who identified six problems adolescents develop as a result of maturing?

Dr. David Elkin Signup and view all the answers

List the six problems adolescents develop as a result of maturing.

Finding fault with authority figures, argumentativeness, indecisiveness, hypocrisy, self-consciousness, invulnerability. Signup and view all the answers

Who suggested that many people never advance beyond stage 4 (established authority)?

Kohlberg Signup and view all the answers

Individuals in stage 5 are concerned with whether a law is what?

Fair or just Signup and view all the answers

What do individuals in stage 6 do?

Formulate their own ethical principles Signup and view all the answers

According to Kohlberg, how many people reach levels 5 and 6?

1/10 Signup and view all the answers

Who came up with the theory of identity crisis?

Erikson Signup and view all the answers

What two aspects are adolescents torn between?

Being unique and fitting in Signup and view all the answers

What stage makes a person question, 'Who am I?'

Identity confused Signup and view all the answers

Who agreed with Erikson's theories?

Marcia Signup and view all the answers

According to Marcia, individuals must make commitments on what three things?

Occupation, religion, and politics. Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when individuals consider issues but have not made a commitment?

Identity Moratorium Signup and view all the answers

What is Identity foreclosure?

Having made a firm commitment based on the suggestions of others. Signup and view all the answers

What does Identity confused mean?

Not having given serious thought to making a decision. Signup and view all the answers

What does Identity achievement signify?

Having considered many possibilities and freely committed to identity. Signup and view all the answers

Who says human development is one continuous process?

Albert Bandura Signup and view all the answers

Who studied Samoan adolescents and concluded that they came of age with ease?

Margaret Mead Signup and view all the answers

Almost what fraction of marriages end in divorce?

Half Signup and view all the answers

Almost what fraction of all women are in the workplace?

Half Signup and view all the answers

What does belonging to a clique fulfill for teens?

The needs for closeness with others and helps build self-confidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a major drawback of a clique?

Conformity Signup and view all the answers

What is not nearly as pronounced as some researchers would have us believe?

Generational conflict Signup and view all the answers

Between 1950-1990, teenage suicide rates ______ but have been in steady decline since then.

Quadrupled Signup and view all the answers

Juveniles were involved in what percentage of all violent crime arrests in 2003?

15% Signup and view all the answers

Juveniles were involved in what percentage of all property crime arrests in 2003?

29% Signup and view all the answers

Depressed teens often appear how?

Angry Signup and view all the answers

What rebellious behaviors do depressed teens engage in?

Truancy, drinking, running away, drug abuse, and sexual promiscuity. Signup and view all the answers

What is the best way to deal with depression?

Communicating Signup and view all the answers

Some suggest anorexia represents a female's refusal to?

Grow up Signup and view all the answers

What are people suffering from bulimia excessively concerned about?

Body shape and weight Signup and view all the answers

What refers to one's biological makeup?

Gender identity Signup and view all the answers

What are the set of behaviors that society considers appropriate for each sex called?

Gender roles Signup and view all the answers

What stereotype is often associated with men?

They should be rugged Signup and view all the answers

What stereotype is often associated with women?

They should be sensitive Signup and view all the answers

Who argued that people should accept androgynous roles?

Sandra Bem Signup and view all the answers

In general, who is more confident in math and science?

Men Signup and view all the answers

Who participates in more physical aggression?

Men Signup and view all the answers

Who participates in more verbal aggression?

Women Signup and view all the answers

What causes physical aggression in boys?

Society Signup and view all the answers

Men have less what neurotransmitter, which has been associated with lower levels of aggression?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Who is often more talkative and interrupts more while others are talking?

Men Signup and view all the answers

Who is better on spatial ability tests?

Men Signup and view all the answers

Who is better at tracking objects?

Women Signup and view all the answers

Who prefers trucks?

Boys Signup and view all the answers

Who prefers dolls?

Girls Signup and view all the answers

What do behaviors result from?

Evolution Signup and view all the answers

Who says little boys identify with their fathers and girls identify with their mothers?

Freud Signup and view all the answers

At what age does gender identification start?

3-5 Signup and view all the answers

What theory says children learn their gender roles by observing and imitating models?

Social learning theory Signup and view all the answers

Why don't women advance in the workplace like men do?

Discrimination, interruption for childcare, and are less ambitious. Signup and view all the answers

In what stage do males die in greater numbers?

Infancy Signup and view all the answers

What are males more likely to be diagnosed with?

Learning disability Signup and view all the answers

Males are also more likely to do what?

Commit a crime, be suspended, or be sent to the principal's office. Signup and view all the answers

How many times more do boys commit suicide than girls?

5 times more Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of teens have jobs?

70-80% Signup and view all the answers

What are potential drawbacks of jobs for teens?

Less time to study, false impression of workplace, false sense of $$$. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Adolescence and Development

Adolescence marks the transition between childhood and adulthood.
G. Stanley Hall described adolescence as a period of "Storm and Stress."
Margaret Mead argued that enjoyment characterizes adolescence in many cultures, attributing storm and stress to industrialized society.

Adolescent Challenges and Growth

11% of American adolescents experience serious difficulties, while 32% face sporadic problems, and 57% enjoy healthy development.
Puberty begins in girls between ages 8-10 and in boys between ages 9-16.
Growth spurts occur just before puberty, peaking at age 12 for girls and 14 for boys, lasting approximately 2 years.
Menarche (first menstrual period) for girls typically occurs between ages 10-17, while spermarche (first ejaculation) for boys typically happens between ages 12-13.

Psychological Development

Asynchrony refers to the uneven growth of body parts during adolescence.
Formal operations thinking, characterized by abstract reasoning, develops around ages 11-12, as described by Piaget.
Introspection involves examining one’s own thoughts and motives, common in adolescent development.
Rationalization is a common strategy used by adolescents to cope with overwhelming emotions.

Adolescent Developmental Issues

Dr. David Elkind identified six problems adolescents often face: finding fault with authority figures, argumentativeness, indecisiveness, hypocrisy, self-consciousness, and feelings of invulnerability.
Kohlberg stated many individuals do not progress beyond stage 4 (established authority). Individuals at stages 5 and 6 consider laws' fairness and formulate their own ethical principles, respectively.

Identity Formation

Erikson’s theory on identity crisis explores the struggle between uniqueness and fitting in during adolescence.
Identity confusion occurs when individuals have not committed to any identity issues.
Marcia developed the identity status model, outlining four outcomes:
- Identity Moratorium: active exploration without commitment.
- Identity Foreclosure: commitment based on others’ influence.
- Identity Diffusion: lack of serious thought about identity.
- Identity Achievement: considering possibilities and making personal commitments.

Albert Bandura emphasized that human development is a continuous process.
Responses to changes in culture indicate shifts in societal roles, such as the increase in women's participation in the workforce and evolving family structures.

Suicide and Mental Health

Between 1950 and 1990, teenage suicide rates quadrupled but have since declined.
Juveniles accounted for 15% of violent crime arrests and 29% for property crime arrests in 2003.
Common signs of depression in teens include anger and engagement in rebellious behaviors like truancy and substance abuse.

Gender Identity and Socialization

Gender identity reflects one’s biological makeup, while gender roles encompass societal expectations for behaviors of each sex.
Stereotypes suggest men should be rugged and women should be sensitive.
Sandra Bem advocated for androgynous roles that blend traditional male and female characteristics.

Behavioral Differences and Development

Men tend to be more confident in math and science, while women often engage in more verbal aggression.
Boys are typically associated with physical aggression, influenced by societal expectations, while girls may show better tracking abilities.
Learning theories posit that children learn gender roles through observation and imitation of role models.

Work and Adolescent Employment

Around 70-80% of teens hold jobs, although work can be harmful by reducing study time and creating misconceptions about the workplace.
Issues like discrimination and childcare interruptions can hinder women's advancement in careers compared to men.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these flashcards covering key terms and concepts from Psychology Chapter 4. Understand the transition from childhood to adulthood and the influential psychologists who shaped our understanding of adolescence. Perfect for reviewing important theories and definitions prior to an exam.