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Questions and Answers
Which type of stress is characterized as stimulating a person positively?
Which type of stress is characterized as stimulating a person positively?
- Distress
- Eustress (correct)
- Acute stress
- Chronic stress
What characterizes acute stress?
What characterizes acute stress?
- Always linked to chronic health issues
- Response to continuous stimuli
- Intensity varies and ends once the threat is avoided (correct)
- Responses do not subside quickly
What physiological response is NOT increased during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
What physiological response is NOT increased during the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?
- Respiratory rate
- Blood flow to the gastrointestinal tract (correct)
- Heart rate
- Blood flow to muscles
Which stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome involves the body's ability to cope beginning to decrease?
Which stage of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome involves the body's ability to cope beginning to decrease?
What happens during the exhaustion stage of the stress response?
What happens during the exhaustion stage of the stress response?
What is one of the potential long-term effects of cortisol release due to stress?
What is one of the potential long-term effects of cortisol release due to stress?
What stage of decubitus ulcer involves the loss of full thickness of tissue, down to muscle and bone?
What stage of decubitus ulcer involves the loss of full thickness of tissue, down to muscle and bone?
The hypothalamus releases which hormone to initiate the stress response?
The hypothalamus releases which hormone to initiate the stress response?
Which factor does NOT typically influence the body's state of mind during stress?
Which factor does NOT typically influence the body's state of mind during stress?
What is one recommended intervention to prevent the development of decubitus ulcers?
What is one recommended intervention to prevent the development of decubitus ulcers?
What best describes the potential consequence of an infected ulcer?
What best describes the potential consequence of an infected ulcer?
Which factor increases the risk for urinary infections in immobile patients?
Which factor increases the risk for urinary infections in immobile patients?
What physiological effect does cortisone have in the context of stress response?
What physiological effect does cortisone have in the context of stress response?
Which term describes the physiological state of balance that can fluctuate due to frequent stressors?
Which term describes the physiological state of balance that can fluctuate due to frequent stressors?
What is a consequence of prolonged stress leading to a new physiological setpoint?
What is a consequence of prolonged stress leading to a new physiological setpoint?
Allostatic load refers to:
Allostatic load refers to:
Which of the following best describes allostatic overload?
Which of the following best describes allostatic overload?
Which lifestyle choice is NOT recommended as a way to manage stress?
Which lifestyle choice is NOT recommended as a way to manage stress?
What role does tryptophan play in the body’s response to stress?
What role does tryptophan play in the body’s response to stress?
Which of the following is identified as a common stress-related disorder?
Which of the following is identified as a common stress-related disorder?
What is the primary function of sedative medications in reducing stress?
What is the primary function of sedative medications in reducing stress?
What is a primary effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system?
What is a primary effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system?
What neurotransmitters are primarily modulated by antidepressants?
What neurotransmitters are primarily modulated by antidepressants?
How long does it typically take for antidepressants to reach therapeutic levels?
How long does it typically take for antidepressants to reach therapeutic levels?
Which physiological effect is associated with inactivity in the muscular system?
Which physiological effect is associated with inactivity in the muscular system?
What is a potential risk of venous stasis due to inactivity?
What is a potential risk of venous stasis due to inactivity?
Which of the following is a psychological effect of exercise?
Which of the following is a psychological effect of exercise?
Epigenetic modifications due to exercise occur in which types of cells?
Epigenetic modifications due to exercise occur in which types of cells?
Which of the following is a consequence of inactivity in the gastrointestinal system?
Which of the following is a consequence of inactivity in the gastrointestinal system?
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Study Notes
Overview of Stress
- Eustress: Positive form of stress that stimulates and motivates individuals.
- Distress: Negative stress that causes anxiety and adversely affects well-being.
- Mind-Body Connection: Emotional, psychological states influence physical health and vice versa.
Physical Responses to Stress
- Acute Stress: Short-term response to immediate threats; intensity varies and subsides once the threat is removed.
- Chronic Stress: Long-standing response leading to sustained psychological and physiological impacts, linked to various diseases.
Selye’s Stress Response Theory
- Stressors challenge body adaptability; maintaining homeostasis is crucial.
- General Adaptation Syndrome: Comprises three stages - Alarm, Resistance, and Exhaustion.
Nervous System Response
- Activation of Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS): Triggers "Fight or Flight" response.
- Increases in heart rate, respiratory rate, alertness, and blood flow to muscles; decreases towards the GI tract and genitourinary system.
Endocrine Responses
- Adrenal Cortex: Releases cortisol, vital for increasing blood sugar and immune system modulation.
- Adrenal Medulla: Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine during stress.
- Posterior Pituitary: Releases anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), leading to decreased urine output and increased blood volume.
Stress Response Stages
- Resistance Stage: Ongoing response; relaxation occurs if stress abates, otherwise, the body's adaptive capacity declines.
- Exhaustion Stage: The body cannot sustain the stress response, leading to health deterioration and increased infection risk.
McEwen’s Stress Response Theory
- Allostasis: The process of achieving stability through change; frequent stressors alter physiological "setpoints," e.g., chronic stress may lead to hypertension.
Allostatic Load
- Represents cumulative wear on the body systems due to stress; reflects individuals' adaptive responses and prolonged stress reactions.
Societal Pressures and Stress
- Structural Racism: Societal systems that perpetuate racial inequities, contributing to health disparities and stress-related disorders.
Common Stress-Related Disorders
- Conditions include asthma, hypertension, atherosclerosis, autoimmune diseases, migraines, and diabetes.
Treatment of Stress: Lifestyle Practices
- Reducing caffeine, ensuring restorative sleep, engaging in psychotherapy, practicing yoga, maintaining work-life balance, and seeking social support are beneficial strategies.
Role of Serotonin and Tryptophan
- Serotonin: Neurotransmitter affected by stress; low levels can cause gastrointestinal upset and anxiety.
- Tryptophan: Amino acid that leads to serotonin production, with carbohydrate intake enhancing its uptake in the brain.
Pharmacological Treatments for Stress
- Sedatives: CNS depressants that induce relaxation, including alcohol.
- Antidepressants: Influence neurotransmitter levels and take approximately three weeks for therapeutic effects.
Benefits of Exercise
- Recommended 40 minutes of exercise several times a week; important to consult healthcare professionals if underlying conditions exist.
- Promotes healthier physiology through adaptations in various body systems.
Impact of Exercise vs. Inactivity
- Cardiovascular: Exercise lowers blood pressure and reduces cardiovascular disease risk; inactivity leads to heart deconditioning.
- Pulmonary: Increased oxygenation with exercise versus the risk of atelectasis and decreased function with inactivity.
- Musculoskeletal: Exercise enhances muscle strength and bone density; inactivity results in muscle loss and potential fractures.
Effects of Inactivity
- Risks of venous stasis, urinary stasis, gastrointestinal issues, and musculoskeletal problems arise from immobility.
Integumentary System Effects
- Prolonged immobility can lead to bedsores and decubitus ulcers, classified into four stages, requiring frequent repositioning and management.
Clinical Considerations
- Stressors from surgery, medication effects (e.g., cortisone), and immobility-related complications highlight the interplay between physical and psychological stress factors.
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