Psychology Chapter 3: Infant Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of Freud's psychosexual stages during infancy?

  • Development of self-concept
  • Satisfaction from oral activities (correct)
  • Building trust and security
  • Need for social interaction

Which stage of Erikson's theory focuses on trust versus mistrust?

  • Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
  • Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
  • Stage 1: Trust vs. Mistrust (correct)
  • Stage 3: Initiative vs. Guilt

What does synchrony in parent-infant interactions promote?

  • Detachment in relationships
  • Higher intelligence scores in infants (correct)
  • Increased emotional distress in infants
  • Reduced cognitive development

Which statement about the mother-infant bond is true?

<p>Mothers' bond is heavily influenced by synchrony. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of fixation in Freud's theory?

<p>A strong sense of insecurity due to unmet needs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor contributes to the positive outcomes noted in highly synchronous 6 to 8-month-old infants?

<p>Low stress levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic distinguishes the mother's role in caregiver routines compared to the father's?

<p>Mothers generally provide more structured caregiving. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development mainly emphasizes which aspect?

<p>Meeting the infant's physiological needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do babies typically start to learn to identify changes in emotional expressions?

<p>3 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the final stage of emotional development mentioned for infants?

<p>They learn to interpret emotional perceptions of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age do children typically show self-recognition in a mirror according to the Rouge Test?

<p>21 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emotional skill is developed by 7 months of age?

<p>Reading and responding to facial expressions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Dr. Edward Tronick’s still face experiment?

<p>Examining emotional communication between infants and caregivers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential effect of marital conflicts on infants?

<p>Emotional withdrawal and less synchrony (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does higher education of caregivers affect attachment?

<p>It produces better attachments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does a mother's mental health have on her child's attachment?

<p>Depression can reduce the mother's capacity to interpret infant signals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes securely attached infants in contrast to insecurely attached infants?

<p>More emotionally mature and sociable (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of insecure attachment in adulthood?

<p>More risk-taking behavior in sexual relationships (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence secure attachment in infants?

<p>Infant's age and physical development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What long-term effect does secure attachment have on social relationships?

<p>Promotes more supportive friendships (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which behavior is associated with mothers who have panic disorder regarding their infants' attachment?

<p>Behavior that may interfere with attachment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is released by mothers during interactions with their infants, which is linked to empathy?

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of a father's bond with their infant?

<p>Synchrony in interactions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase of attachment do infants begin to signal primarily to caregivers they spend the most time with?

<p>Focus on one or more figures (3-6 months) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is indicative of secure base behavior in infants?

<p>Clinging to a primary caregiver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phase involves infants developing an internal model of how their behavior affects their relationship with caregivers?

<p>Internal model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common expression of separation anxiety in infants?

<p>Crying and protesting when separated from the mother (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age does separation anxiety typically begin to decline in infants?

<p>12-16 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal response in fathers is associated with physical activity and possibly aggression?

<p>Vasopressin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is associated with securely attached mothers?

<p>More responsive to their infants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dimension identified by Buss and Plomin regarding temperament?

<p>Rhythmicity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do neurological processes have on temperament according to the content?

<p>They influence behaviors related to temperament. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the tendency to select environments that complement one's own characteristics?

<p>Niche-picking (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of self-concept emerges between 8 to 12 months of age?

<p>Subjective Self (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the classical longitudinal study by Kagan and colleagues reveal about children classified as highly inhibited at 4 months old?

<p>They remained highly inhibited into later childhood and adulthood. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary feature of the Objective Self in toddler development?

<p>Understanding oneself as an object in the world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about insecurely attached mothers is correct?

<p>They tend to feel less confident in their parenting role. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is social referencing primarily used for in infants?

<p>To figure out novel situations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style is characterized by infants showing confused and contradictory behaviors during reunion with the caregiver?

<p>Insecure - disorganized attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During Mary Ainsworth’s Strange Situation, how do securely attached infants typically behave?

<p>They show extreme distress when separated but are comforted upon reunion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key factor influences the stability of attachment quality in children?

<p>Consistency of life circumstances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which caregiver characteristic is crucial for fostering secure attachment?

<p>Contingent responsiveness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attachment style involves infants that avoid or are slow to greet their parent during reunion?

<p>Insecure - avoidant attachment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor that can lead to a caregiver being emotionally unavailable?

<p>Economical or emotional distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the protocol of the Strange Situation assess in infants?

<p>Their attachment styles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory of child development that focuses on the psychosexual development of a child through different stages, each characterized by a specific erogenous zone and conflict.

Oral Stage

The first stage in Freud's Psychosexual theory where infants derive pleasure and satisfaction primarily through the mouth, such as sucking, chewing, and biting.

Oral Fixation

A state where an individual becomes fixated on oral behaviors due to unresolved conflicts during the oral stage. This can manifest as overeating, smoking, or excessive talking.

Mother-Child Symbiotic Relationship

The close and interdependent relationship between a mother and infant, characterized by mutual dependence and fulfillment of each other's needs.

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Erikson's Psychosocial Stages

Erikson's theory of development that emphasizes the social and cultural influences on personality development through eight distinct stages, each with a unique psychosocial crisis to be resolved.

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Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's Psychosocial Stages, where infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on their early experiences with their caregivers, particularly their mother.

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Attachment

The strong emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver, providing a sense of security, comfort, and emotional support.

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Synchrony

The mutual, interlocking pattern of behavior between a parent and their infant, characterized by coordinated actions and responses.

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Oxytocin

A hormone released in mothers when observing or interacting with their infants. It's linked to empathy and relaxation.

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Vasopressin

A hormone released in fathers when observing or interacting with their infants. It's linked to arousal, aggression, and physical activity.

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Bowlby's 4 Phases of Attachment

A theory describing the development of attachment in infants, from initial responsiveness to forming a secure base and internalizing caregiver interactions.

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Secure Base Behavior

Behaviors like following and clinging to the caregiver, showing the child's reliance on them for safety and comfort.

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Internal Model

A mental representation of the child's expectations about relationships, based on their early experiences with their primary caregiver.

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Stranger Anxiety

A child's fear or distress when encountering unfamiliar people.

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Separation Anxiety

A child's distress when separated from their primary caregiver.

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Secure Attachment

A strong, healthy bond between a mother and infant characterized by responsiveness, comfort, and a sense of security.

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Social Referencing

A baby's ability to use caregivers' facial expressions and tone of voice as cues for how to behave in new situations.

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Insecure Attachment

A less healthy bond between a mother and infant, often marked by anxiety, avoidance, or resistance.

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Personality

A consistent pattern of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that define an individual's unique way of interacting with the world.

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Insecure-Avoidant Attachment

A baby's reaction to separation from their caregiver where they avoid their caregiver upon reunion, showing little emotion.

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Temperament

Inborn behavioral and emotional tendencies, such as activity level, sociability, and emotional reactivity.

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Insecure-Ambivalent Attachment

A baby's reaction to separation from their caregiver where they show mixed emotions, seeking closeness but also resisting comfort.

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Heredity's Role in Temperament

Genetic factors contribute to individual differences in temperament, as seen in the greater similarity of identical twins compared to fraternal twins.

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Insecure-Disorganized Attachment

A baby's reaction to separation from their caregiver where they show confused and contradictory behaviors, indicating a lack of security.

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Long-Term Stability of Temperament

Temperament can remain relatively consistent over time, with early temperamental characteristics often predicting later behavioral patterns.

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Niche-Picking

Individuals actively seek out environments that match their temperament and personality.

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Attachment Stability

The tendency for the quality of a child's attachment to stay the same over time, unless major life changes occur.

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Emotional Availability

A caregiver's ability and willingness to form and maintain a close emotional bond with their child.

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Goodness of Fit

A harmonious match between a child's temperament and the environment, leading to optimal development.

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Contingent Responsiveness

A caregiver's ability to respond to their child's cues with sensitivity and accuracy.

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Marital Conflict & Attachment

When parents frequently engage in verbal aggression, infants tend to withdraw emotionally, struggle to develop synchrony with caregivers, and have a higher chance of forming insecure attachments.

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Education & Attachment

Higher levels of education tend to correlate with more secure attachments in children. Conversely, poverty can negatively impact attachment due to stressors and limited resources.

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Caregiver Age & Attachment

A caregiver's age, physical availability, and maturity all play a role in influencing the attachment security of an infant. Younger caregivers may have less experience and maturity, potentially impacting their ability to provide consistent and responsive care.

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Maternal Depression & Attachment

Mothers experiencing depression may struggle to interpret important infant signals, such as crying, which can increase the risk of insecure attachment and later emotional problems for the child.

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Maternal Panic & Attachment

Mothers with panic disorder often exhibit behaviors that hinder synchrony with their infants, leading to a higher chance of insecure attachment development.

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Secure Attachment & Later Development

Securely attached infants are less likely to experience behavioral issues and emotional difficulties later in childhood compared to insecurely attached infants.

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Insecure Attachment & Later Relationships

Individuals with insecure attachments, particularly those with avoidant attachment, often have less supportive and positive friendships, and may engage in riskier behaviors, such as early sexual activity and unsafe sexual practices.

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Attachment & Parenting

The quality of an individual's own early attachment experiences can influence their parenting style and behaviors. Securely attached individuals tend to be more attentive and sensitive caregivers.

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Self-concept

The understanding of oneself as a separate and distinct individual. This includes personal traits, beliefs, values, goals, and roles.

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Rouge Test

A simple test used to determine if infants have developed self-awareness. It involves observing if they recognize themselves in a mirror by touching a mark placed on their own face.

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Emotional Self

The ability to understand and regulate one's own emotions, as well as recognizing and responding to the emotions of others.

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Still Face Experiment

A research study designed to investigate the importance of emotional responsiveness in infant development. It involves a caregiver intentionally not responding to an infant's attempts to interact, showing the negative impact it can have on an infant.

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Interpreting Emotional Perceptions

The process of understanding and reacting to the emotions of others, which helps us to predict their actions and guide our own behavior.

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Study Notes

HPCS4027 Introduction to Developmental Psychology

  • Course offered at Stanley Ho Community College
  • Lecturer: Irene Tsang ([email protected])
  • Academic year: 2024-2025, Semester 1

Lecture 3: Social and Personality Development in Infancy

  • Course outline: Attachment, Personality, Temperament, Self-Concept

Theories of Social and Personality Development: Psychoanalytic Perspectives (Freud and Erikson)

  • Freud's Psychosexual Stages: pleasure-seeking, related to infant's need satisfaction
  • Oral stage: derive satisfaction from the mouth
  • Mother-child symbiotic relationship: crucial for meeting needs
  • Nursing (feeding) considered a co-exchange, beneficial for healthy development
  • Fixation: strong sense of insecurity, never get "enough", leading to over-giving (positive oral fixation)

Erik H. Erikson's Theory of Development

  • 8 Stages: Basic trust vs. mistrust (infant), Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (toddler), Initiative vs. guilt (pre-schooler), Industry vs. inferiority (school-ager), Identity vs. role confusion (adolescent), Intimacy vs. isolation (young adult), Generativity vs. stagnation (middle age), Ego integrity vs. despair (older adult)

Trust versus Mistrust

  • Erikson's first stage
  • Infant's needs (like feeding) must be met consistently
  • Relationship extends beyond the mere physical, encompassing security and warmth

Attachment

  • Synchrony: opportunity for parent-infant mutual, interlocking attachment behaviors
  • Takes practice to develop
  • Benefits highly synchronous 6-8 month-olds: larger vocabularies at age 2, higher intelligence scores at age 3, reduced stress levels, supports synapse and neuron development
  • Mother's bond: mothers provide more routine caregiving, interact more and smile more in early weeks, bodies release oxytocin during interaction (empathy and physical relaxation)
  • Father's bond: depends on synchrony, more time playing, watching and interacting with babies stimulates vasopressin (arousal, aggression, and physical activity);

The Infant's Attachment to Parent: Characteristics of attachment

  • Bowlby's 4 stages:

    • Nonfocused orienting and signaling (0-3 months): signals needs through smiling, crying, and eye contact
    • Focus on one or more figures (3-6 months): signals to caregivers most frequently
    • Secure base behavior (6-24 months): proximity-seeking behaviors, caregivers as a safe base

  • Internal model (24+ months): child imagines how behavior impacts caregiver relationship, smiles more to primary caregivers, impacts future relationships

  • Attachment behaviors:

    • Stranger anxiety: cling to mother when strangers are present
    • Separation anxiety: cry and protest when separated; peaks at about 12 months
    • Social referencing: use cues from caregivers (facial expressions, tone of voice) to understand situations, regulates emotions

  • Secure and Insecure Attachment

    • Ainsworth's Strange Situation Scenarios: designed to asses attachment styles
      • with mother, with mother + stranger, alone with stranger, alone with stranger/for minutes, reunited, alone again/with stranger, reunited
    • Secure attachment, Insecure-avoidant, Insecure-ambivalent, and Insecure-disorganized Attachment,

  • Secure attachment

    • during reunion, actively seek contact, crying is reduced

  • Insecure attachment

    • during reunion, avoid or are slow to greet parent, anxious, clingy
    • avoidance, difficulty expressing emotions

  • Attachment styles

    • Secure, Anxious, Avoidant, Disorganized

Attachment: Long Term Consequences

  • Securely attached: more sociable, positive relationships with friends, less clingy, less aggressive, emotionally mature, likely to be leaders, higher self-esteem.
  • Insecurely attached: less supportive and positive friendships, more likely be sexually active and practice riskier sex.

Personality and Temperament

  • Personality: stable patterns in how people relate to their surroundings
  • Temperament: basic behavioral and emotional predispositions
  • Thomas and Chess: activity level, rhythmicity, approach/withdrawal, adaptability, quality of mood, distractibility and persistence
  • Buss and Plomin: activity level, emotionality, sociability
  • Goodness of fit

Self-concept

  • Subjective self: awareness of separateness from others, endures over time
    • appears at 8-12 months with object permanence
  • Objective self: child understands themselves as an object in the world (and has properties like gender, name, etc.)
    • evident from 2 years
  • Rouge test: used to study self-awareness, used with 2-year olds, test mirrors child's recognition of their self.

The Emotional Self

  • Babies initially learn to identify changes in emotional expression through age 2-3 months
  • Later they are able to read and respond to facial expressions from caregiver age 7 months.
  • Lastly, as age expands, they gain further comprehension by understanding the emotional perceptions of others, and anticipate actions to guide behavioral choices by around 12 months old.

Other caregiver characteristics influencing secure attachment (cont'd)

  • Age, mental health (depression and panic disorder)

Question to Ponder

  • What kind of attachment do you have with your parents? Has this changed since childhood, or does it reflect the type of attachment you had when you were younger?
  • What factors will influence your choice of childcare if one or both parents decide to work? What would be best for your child?

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Description

Explore key concepts in infant development from Freud's psychosexual stages to Erikson's psychosocial theory. This quiz covers essential aspects of parent-infant interactions, emotional development, and the importance of nurturing relationships in early life. Test your knowledge on the critical theories that shape our understanding of infancy.

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