Podcast
Questions and Answers
What term refers to the combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family?
What term refers to the combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family?
Which of the following best defines concordance rate?
Which of the following best defines concordance rate?
Which method uses the comparison of traits in siblings raised apart to study heredity?
Which method uses the comparison of traits in siblings raised apart to study heredity?
What does the term 'ethnic gloss' refer to in the context of cultural studies?
What does the term 'ethnic gloss' refer to in the context of cultural studies?
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Gregor Mendel is known for his work in which area of study?
Gregor Mendel is known for his work in which area of study?
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What does the concept of life-span development emphasize?
What does the concept of life-span development emphasize?
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Which of the following statements about gene-environment interaction is true?
Which of the following statements about gene-environment interaction is true?
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Which domain of development focuses on the learning process and cognitive skills?
Which domain of development focuses on the learning process and cognitive skills?
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What are the primary factors influencing individual differences in emotionality?
What are the primary factors influencing individual differences in emotionality?
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Which characteristic is NOT part of the life-span perspective?
Which characteristic is NOT part of the life-span perspective?
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How does parental stimulation influence intelligence?
How does parental stimulation influence intelligence?
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What aspect of physical development is primarily concerned with health?
What aspect of physical development is primarily concerned with health?
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Which of the following describes epigenetics?
Which of the following describes epigenetics?
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What is meant by nonshared environmental influences?
What is meant by nonshared environmental influences?
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Which type of gene-environment correlation occurs when parental genes influence the environment they provide for their children?
Which type of gene-environment correlation occurs when parental genes influence the environment they provide for their children?
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Which term describes the concept that developmental changes may happen in distinct stages?
Which term describes the concept that developmental changes may happen in distinct stages?
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What does heritability refer to in behavioral genetics?
What does heritability refer to in behavioral genetics?
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Which of the following best describes evocative gene-environment correlations?
Which of the following best describes evocative gene-environment correlations?
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Which concept addresses whether early traits and characteristics remain stable or change throughout life?
Which concept addresses whether early traits and characteristics remain stable or change throughout life?
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In terms of environmental influences, what does nurture refer to?
In terms of environmental influences, what does nurture refer to?
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What does the term 'individual differences' encompass?
What does the term 'individual differences' encompass?
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Study Notes
Human Development
- Focuses on the scientific study of systematic changes and stability in people throughout life
- Life-span perspective views development as lifelong, multidimensional, multidirectional, plastic, multidisciplinary, and contextual and as a process that involves growth, maintenance, and regulation of loss
Domains of Development
- Physical Development: growth of the body and brain, sensory capacities, motor skills, and health
- Cognitive Development: learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity
- Psychosocial Development: emotions, personality, and social relationships
Social Construction
- A concept or practice that is an invention of a particular culture or society
Stability-Change Issue
- Involves the degree to which early traits and characteristics persist through life or change
Continuity-Discontinuity Issue
- Focuses on the gradual, cumulative change (continuity) or distinct stages (discontinuity) involved in development
Maturation
- The unfolding of natural sequence of physical change and behavior patterns
Behavioral Genetics
- The scientific study of the extent to which genetic and environmental differences among people and animals are responsible for differences in their traits
Heritability
- A proportion of all the variability in a trait
Gregor Mendel
- Studied heredity in plants
Selective Breeding
- Involves attempting to breed animals for a particular trait
Twin Studies
- Studies to determine whether traits are heritable
- Concordance rate measures the percentage of pairs of people studied in which, if one member displays a trait, the other does too
Adoption Studies
- Studies to determine whether traits are heritable
- Studies with adopted children
Family Studies
- Studies to determine whether traits are heritable
- Studies of naturally occurring relatives
Gene-Environment Correlations
- Passive: genes are linked to environmental factors, such as parental genotypes influence child's environment
- Evocative: child's genotype influences reactions from others
- Active: children's genotypes influence the kinds of environments they seek
Heredity
- Inborn traits and characteristics provided by the child's parents
Environment
- Influences from outside the body, starting from conception throughout life
Individual Differences
- Differences in gender, height, weight, and body build; in health and energy level
Context of Development
- Family: Nuclear and Extended Family
- Socioeconomic status: Combination of economic and social factors describing an individual or family, including income, education, and occupation
- Culture: Society's or group's total way of life. Ethnic gloss and race
- History: Timeframe
Developmental Psychology- Research Methods and Ethics
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General Principles:
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for people's rights and dignity
- General Principles of Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples: Respect for all human beings (diversity, culture, beliefs); free and informed consent, privacy, fairness, and justice
- General Principles of Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples; Honesty, truthfulness, open and appropriate communications; respect for professional boundaries; multiple relationships, conflict of interest
- General Principles of Integrity: Honesty, truthfulness, open communications; appropriate professional boundaries
Developmental Research Designs
- Cross-sectional: Children of different ages assessed at one point in time. More economical, but individual differences and trajectories may be obscured.
- Longitudinal: Studies the same group or person over time. Can track individual patterns of continuity and change. Time-consuming and expensive
- Sequential: Data collected on successive cross-sectional or longitudinal samples. Tracks people of different ages over time and allows separating age-related change from cohort effects. More complex
- Cross-sectional & Longitudinal & Sequential
Developmental Theories- Psychosexual Theory by Freud
- Id: pleasure principle (impulsive, irrational, selfish, seeks immediate gratification)
- Ego: reality principle (rational, finds realistic ways to gratify instincts)
- Superego: morality principle (internalized moral standards)
- Human nature is selfish and aggressive and shaped by early experiences
- Stage-oriented developmental model of personality
Developmental Theories- Psychosocial Theory by Erikson
- Stage theory focusing on an individual's social interaction/relationship in different stages.
- Focuses on an individual's social interaction/relationship in different stages of development.
Cognitive Development by Piaget
- Constructivism: Children actively construct new understandings of their world based on experiences.
- Schemes: Ways of organizing information that govern a child's behavior in specific situations.
- Organization: Create categories and schemes to organize information.
- Adaptation: How children handle new information in light of what they already know
- Assimilation: Incorporating new info into existing schema
- Accommodation: Adjusting one's schema to fit the new information and experiences
- Equilibration: Children want to achieve equilibrium by matching understanding of their world to experience.
Sensorimotor Stage
- Ages from birth up to about 2 years
- Focus on manipulating their environment.
- Acquire object permanence
Pre-operational Stage
- Ages 2-7, use mental representation and symbolic thought that extends to language, numbers, and imagination
- Increase in pretend play and symbolic behavior
Concrete Operations Stage
- Ages 7-11, logical thought in familiar context
- Increase in logical reasoning.
- Conservation: The understanding that a quantity does not vary despite changes in its appearance
- Principle of Reversibility and Identity
Formal Operations Stage
- Ages 11+, abstraction and hypothetical thought
- Reasoning about abstract concepts
- Hypothetical-Deductive Reasoning: Methodical, scientific approach to problem solving.
- Imaginary audience and personal fable
Learning Theories (Behaviorism and Social Learning)
- Reinforcement and punishment
- Classical conditioning: associating a stimulus and behavior
- Operant and observational learning
- Social learning theory: Modeling and observational learning
Cognitive Developmental Stages
- Object Permanence realization that an object continues to exist even when out of sight
- Dual Representation Hypothesis: Difficulty in grasping spatial relationships because of the need to keep more than one mental representation in mind at once
Attachment Theory by Ainsworth
- Attachment: An enduring emotional bond between an infant and a caregiver. A secure base allows the child to explore and use the parent as a source of comfort.
- Strange situation (an experimental procedure designed to assess individual differences in attachment)
- Types of insecure attachment:
- Anxious (ambivalent) attachment: Child is distressed when caregiver leaves and ambivalent when caregiver returns. Often from inconsistent parenting.
- Avoidant attachment: Child is not distressed when caregiver leaves and does not react to their return. From rejecting-unresponsive or intrusive-overly stimulating caregivers.
- Disorganized attachment: Child does not react in a consistent manner to their caregivers behavior. It's often a result of a frightening or frightening caregiver
Moral Development by Kohlberg
- Levels of moral development:
- Preconventional morality: Obedience and punishment, individual instrumental purpose
- Conventional morality: interpersonal relationships and maintaining social order, laws
- Postconventional morality: Social contract and individual rights, universal principles
- Moral Reasoning: a gradual process where a person understands what's right and wrong.
- Stages of moral development: Obedience and punishment, individualism, and exchange; good interpersonal relationships; maintaining social order; social contract; universal ethical principles.
Ecological Model by Bronfenbrenner
- Microsystem: everyday environment (family, school, health services, peers)
- Mesosystem: linkages between microsystems (linking home and school/family-peer groups)
- Exosystem: External environment that indirectly affect the child (parents' workplace, neighborhood resources, extended family)
- Macrosystem: Overarching cultural patterns/beliefs
- Chronosystem: Change over time (cultural changes, historical events)
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Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in psychology regarding genetics, heredity, and life-span development. This quiz covers essential terms and theories relating to individual differences, cognitive skills, and the interplay of environment and genetics. Ideal for students studying psychology at any level.
