Questions and Answers
Hyperpolarization means that the ________.
Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?
________ is a technique often used in studies investigating sleep patterns.
The ________ gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.
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The ________ nervous system is responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.
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The effects of neurotransmitters tend to be ________, whereas the effects of hormones tend to be ________.
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Which of the following higher level processes is not a function of the cerebral cortex?
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Twin boys both have a gene associated with aggressive tendencies. What is the most likely outcome to be observed in their behavior as they grow up?
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Which of the following is not a limbic system structure?
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The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord.
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A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.
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Terri Schiavo went into cardiac arrest and her brain was deprived of oxygen, leaving only her brainstem functioning. Which of the following functions could Schiavo still accomplish?
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People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ________.
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Which type of chemical messenger do the male gonads secrete?
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During the fight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?
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Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?
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Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?
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Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?
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The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________.
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The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________.
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________ is a midbrain structure critical to movement.
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Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like ________ in professional athletes and bodybuilders.
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The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.
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Psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ________ balance.
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________ is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.
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Study Notes
Neurophysiology Concepts
- Hyperpolarization: Membrane potential becomes more negative than resting potential, affecting excitability of neurons.
Significant Case Study
- Henry Gustav Molaison (H.M.): Underwent brain surgery due to severe seizures, providing insights into memory and brain functions.
Research Techniques
- Electroencephalography (EEG): A method used to study sleep patterns by placing electrodes on the scalp to record brainwave activity.
Endocrine System Overview
- Pituitary Gland: Known as the master gland, it regulates various physiological processes by releasing hormones.
Nervous System Functions
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Responsible for the body's "fight or flight" responses, such as pupil dilation and increased heart rate.
Neurotransmitter vs. Hormonal Effects
- Effects of neurotransmitters are typically fast-acting, while hormonal effects are long-lasting, influencing various bodily functions.
Brain Functions
- Cerebral Cortex Functions: Engages in higher-level processes such as emotion, memory, and reasoning, but does not control involuntary actions like breathing.
Genetic Influences on Behavior
- Aggressive Tendencies: Presence of a gene linked to aggression does not guarantee behavior, as many factors influence outcomes.
Limbic System Structures
- Substantia Nigra: Not part of the limbic system; it is involved with movement control and is associated with Parkinson's disease.
Brain Connectivity
- Pons: Connects the brain and spinal cord, playing a critical role in communication within the central nervous system.
Genetics and Disease Outcomes
- Genetic differences can explain varying responses to diseases, highlighting the role of heredity in health.
Brain Damage Recovery Insights
- Terri Schiavo Case: Following cardiac arrest, limited functions remained, underscoring the brainstem's role in basic bodily functions.
Hemispheric Functionality
- Individuals with a severed corpus callosum can verbalize stimuli only from the right visual field, revealing lateralized brain functions.
Hormonal Secretions
- Androgens: Male gonads secrete androgens, playing a key role in development and maintenance of male characteristics.
Endocrine Response to Stress
- Adrenal Glands: Increase activity during fight or flight response, releasing adrenaline and other hormones.
Brain Imaging Techniques
- Positron Emission Tomography (PET): Utilizes tracers to visualize brain activity, particularly in response to different stimuli.
Drug Effects on Brain Function
- Medulla: Critical structure affected by depressants, controlling vital functions like breathing and heart rate.
Forebrain vs. Brainstem Structures
- Pons: A brainstem structure, not classified as a forebrain structure, involved in autonomic functions and motor control.
Nervous System Divisions
- Two major divisions of the nervous system are central (including the brain and spinal cord) and peripheral.
Midbrain Functionality
- Ventral Tegmental Area: Essential in regulating movement and rewarding behavior linked to addiction and motivation.
Anabolic Steroids and Ethics
- Testosterone: Controversially used in sports, raising ethical and health concerns regarding performance enhancement.
Evolutionary Theory
- Natural Selection: Theory stating organisms best adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Psychotropic Medications
- Aim to restore neurotransmitter balance to alleviate psychiatric symptoms and improve mental health.
Action Potential
- An action potential is the electrical signal that moves along the neuron, essential for communication in the nervous system.
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Test your knowledge on Chapter 3 of Psychology with these flashcards. This quiz covers key concepts including hyperpolarization and the case of Henry Gustav Molaison. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of the material!
