Psychology Chapter 15: Personality Insights
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Questions and Answers

What finding suggests a protective effect of sexual intercourse among couples with low emotional stability?

  • It reduces the need for personal growth.
  • It leads to increased personality compatibility.
  • It enhances overall relationship enjoyment.
  • It mitigates the effects of neuroticism. (correct)

    • What phenomenon describes the initial positive ratings of partners that become negative over time?

  • Relationship stability effect.
  • Honeymoon effect. (correct)
  • Marital dissatisfaction trend.
  • Love fading hypothesis.

    • What personality trait is NOT associated with higher marital satisfaction?

  • Agreeableness
  • Emotional instability (correct)
  • Conscientiousness
  • Intellect–openness

    • How does maintaining positive illusions about a partner influence marital satisfaction?

    <p>It enhances levels of satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is mentioned as a key predictor of marital satisfaction?

    <p>Mate value.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is likely to occur in marriages where partners display increasingly negative personality traits over time?

    <p>Decrease in marital happiness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following traits is linked to higher marital satisfaction according to the research?

    <p>Conscientiousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do substantial differences between partners' personalities and their individual ideals suggest about marital satisfaction?

    <p>They do not contribute to satisfaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the phenomenon called when individuals tend to select partners who are similar to themselves?

    <p>Assortative mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following characteristics have shown evidence of assortative mating?

    <p>Height and weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation has been observed regarding couples' personality over time?

    <p>Couples become more similar in personality traits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do assortative mating patterns in gay male couples compare to those in straight couples according to recent analyses?

    <p>Less homogenous in age and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome for dissimilar couples in terms of relationship longevity?

    <p>They tend to break up more frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following has been suggested about lesbian couples in the context of assortative mating?

    <p>They are more homogenous in terms of education than gay male couples</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What findings have been indicated regarding the perceived personality based on facial judgments?

    <p>They show evidence of assortative mating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic shows a smaller degree of similarity in gay and lesbian couples compared to straight couples?

    <p>Basic characteristics like age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a universal selection preference in partner selection?

    <p>Dependability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the desire for similarity in personality indicate about partner preferences?

    <p>People seek partners who share their dominant traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the violation of desire theory, when are breakups more likely to occur?

    <p>When desires are violated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality trait has been consistently linked to relationship instability?

    <p>Emotional instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is suggested to contribute to the selective breakup of couples?

    <p>Unfulfilled personality desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is a prediction regarding dissimilarity in personality within couples?

    <p>Dissimilar couples will likely experience more breakups.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory posits that breakups relate to the fulfillment or violation of desires?

    <p>Violation of Desire Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following combinations would likely lead to a higher breakup rate?

    <p>Dissimilar personalities with emotional instability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tactic involves acting submissive to achieve a desired outcome?

    <p>Self-abasement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tactic would involve telling someone that 'everyone else is doing it'?

    <p>Social comparison</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality trait is commonly associated with manipulativeness?

    <p>Machiavellianism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tactic includes offering financial incentives to achieve a goal?

    <p>Monetary reward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential motive behind using the 'silent treatment' tactic?

    <p>To provoke a reaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tactic involves making someone commit to a course of action?

    <p>Responsibility invocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following tactics is NOT related to providing positive reinforcement?

    <p>Hardball</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to studies, what do personality traits correlate with?

    <p>Tactics of manipulation across various types of relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does personality affect couples' relationships?

    <p>It influences the likelihood of selective breakup.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What personality traits tend to lead to more stable relationships?

    <p>Agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes shyness?

    <p>Tension, worry, or anxiety in social situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the population is likely to experience shyness at some point?

    <p>Over 90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What behavior do shy individuals tend to exhibit during high school and early adulthood?

    <p>Avoid social situations, leading to isolation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does shyness impact women's health-related decisions?

    <p>They avoid discussing contraception and medical exams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do shy individuals generally approach risky situations such as gambling?

    <p>They tend to avoid risky situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the Cheek shyness scale?

    <p>A scale used to identify levels of shyness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the evolutionary perspective on manipulation in relation to natural selection?

    <p>Natural selection favors people who successfully manipulate objects in their environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes manipulable objects?

    <p>They include both inanimate and animate entities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the manipulation of other people be examined within personality psychology?

    <p>By investigating individual consistency in manipulative behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main questions considered in the study of manipulation?

    <p>Are some individuals more manipulative, and do stable personality traits predict manipulation tactics?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by a taxonomy of tactics of manipulation?

    <p>A structured approach to identify and name groups of manipulative behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial step in developing a taxonomy of manipulation tactics?

    <p>Nominating specific acts of influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is suggested to be associated with the use of a particular manipulation tactic?

    <p>Personality characteristics can predict the tactics people use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of manipulation, how are observer-reports utilized?

    <p>To provide external validation of self-reports on acts of influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Chapter 15: Personality and Social Interaction

    • Selection: People choose situations and partners based on personality. Mate selection is a significant example, where personality characteristics, like agreeableness and conscientiousness, matter greatly. Similarity in personality is often preferred ("birds of a feather flock together"). This is called assortative mating.

    • Evocation: Personality traits can unintentionally elicit reactions from others. Aggression, for example, can evoke hostility. Aggressive individuals often see neutral behaviour (like a bump) as hostile, which in turn influences interactions. Shyness can lead to avoidance of social situations.

    • Manipulation: This involves intentionally influencing others' behavior, and can stem from personality traits like Machiavellianism (as exemplified in the case study). High Machs use a wide range of tactics, including coercion and charm, to gain personal advantage. Agreeable people, in contrast, use reason and pleasure induction.

    • Personality Characteristics Desired in a Partner: A large international study of mate selection found that mutual attraction and trust are highly valued along with personality traits like dependability, emotional stability, pleasing disposition, sociability, etc. These traits are often desired in any partner, regardless of sexual orientation.

    • The Search for the Similar: Attraction similarity theory emphasizes that people are attracted to those with similar personalities, rather than complementary needs theory, which suggests opposites attract.

    • Do people get the partners they want? And are they happy?: Partners may not always meet ideals, but those whose partners align with desired personality traits tend to be happier. Emotional stability and agreeableness in a partner contribute greatly to marital satisfaction.

    • The Social and Cultural Domain: People's choices on dating websites or in person reflect desires for personality traits in a partner. Personality plays a vital role in how people interact socially.

    • Personality and the Selective Breakup of Couples: Personality traits like emotional instability are linked to relationship instability. Disagreements on personality lead to more breakups than fulfilment of wants.

    • Evocation of Anger and Upset: Personality traits can provoke frustration and anger within relationships. These are common causes for conflict that lead to dissatisfaction.

    • Evocation Through Expectancy Confirmation: This refers to how our beliefs about others' personalities can lead to interactions that confirm those beliefs. For instance, if a person anticipates an individual to be hostile, their interaction and behaviour might be hostile in turn.

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    Description

    Explore the fascinating dynamics of personality and social interaction in this quiz. Learn about how personality affects mate selection, evokes reactions from others, and can be manipulated for personal gain. Test your understanding of these concepts and their implications in real life.

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