Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

How did the discipline of psychology aid in understanding organizational behavior?

By helping to explain how internal and external influences affect individuals' work performance and behavior

Which of the following provides the BEST example of why the Industrial Revolution led to the study of organizational behavior in the United States?

Business owners had more control over employee schedules.

There was a rise in academic research about group dynamics.

Many people were working in entirely new environments, such as factories where worker output was a key factor. (correct)

Advancements in technology sparked more interest in human behavior.

_, a Harvard psychologist, was interested in the study of _ and how it could be used to examine organizational psychology.

Hugo Munsterberg; applied psychology

What is a term that was developed in the 1950s to refer to 'how individuals perform different roles in a group environment'?

Role Set Signup and view all the answers

Someone who wants to study mentoring, developing, and managing employees would study the administrative science known as _____?

management Signup and view all the answers

How might a sales professional integrate social psychology into their strategy?

He or she might incorporate persuasion techniques that have been shown to influence people. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is LEAST representative of social psychology?

It focuses solely on individual personality traits. Signup and view all the answers

In the Post-WWII era, Lewin and other social psychologists were interested in studying all of the following EXCEPT _____

How people can more easily acquire a second language Signup and view all the answers

When examining a person's behavior, why would Kurt Lewin have been interested in knowing about that person's culture and community?

Lewin believed that a person's behavior is a function of both individual character and environment. Signup and view all the answers

Social psychology includes the study of all of the following EXCEPT:

Biology of the brain Signup and view all the answers

A student in a classroom is exhibiting social loafing by _____

not raising her hand when the teacher asks a question Signup and view all the answers

While deciding on how to approach a battle, an army unit that is exhibiting groupthink might _____

endanger themselves with a risky but agreed-upon plan Signup and view all the answers

According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory, a cross country runner might perform better if his competitors challenge him.

False Signup and view all the answers

A professional football player who plays better when his games are nationally televised is exhibiting _____

social facilitation Signup and view all the answers

According to Yale psychologist Irving Janis, close-knit groups maintain solidarity by _____

ignoring dissent Signup and view all the answers

Derek leaves the movie theater feeling very dissatisfied after viewing the latest installment in his favorite series. This installment wasn't interesting and Derek almost got up and left halfway through. He decides to avoid movie theaters in general following the experience.

False Signup and view all the answers

How might someone who subscribes to the just world hypothesis view a rape victim?

As in some way inviting the attack through their actions or dress Signup and view all the answers

How might a poker player exhibit a self-serving bias?

By crediting a winning streak to his skills and a losing streak to a poor dealer Signup and view all the answers

In terms of the additional work that Bernard Weiner did in relation to Heider's attribution theory, what type of factor would account for a skilled pilot having a turbulent landing due to windy conditions?

An external-unstable factor Signup and view all the answers

According to Fritz Heider's attribution theory, a student who passed a test due to external causes _____

may have received an unusually easy test Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following attributes indicate cross-cultural attractiveness?

Having youthful facial features Signup and view all the answers

Bill, 22 years of age, is a native of Chicago and is currently following a three-year Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia. Bill is an evangelical and his family has always supported the Republican party. Who among the following will most likely be a friend to Bill?

Christopher who is following a Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia and has family who has always followed the evangelical traditions. Signup and view all the answers

Based on Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following combinations is MOST LIKELY to result in companion love?

Intimacy + commitment Signup and view all the answers

In some cultures, _____ is an indication of wealth and fertility.

excess weight Signup and view all the answers

Intimacy and close relationships are more easily formed with others who are likely to accept our _____

behaviors and attitudes Signup and view all the answers

Sarah notices that just about everybody on her soccer team wears the same type of headband. Based on typical conformity patterns, why is Sarah likely to also buy this type of headband?

A person is most inclined to conform with a group when he or she believes that the majority of the group is acting together. Signup and view all the answers

Why were Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity so important?

They clearly demonstrated the power of conformity. Signup and view all the answers

James has just been hired at XYZ Corporation. He carefully watches how his new colleagues behave in order to learn how he should behave. James is exhibiting _____

informational conformity Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following cultural examples would you expect a strong level of conformity?

A culture where the cultural group identity is highly valued Signup and view all the answers

A new student at a high school is displaying normative conformity by all of the following EXCEPT:

Sitting alone in the cafeteria Signup and view all the answers

Each participant in Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority tested their willingness to:

Disobey their personal conscience Signup and view all the answers

In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:

They respected the professor's authority Signup and view all the answers

In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, the participants believed the responsibility for the shocks fell to:

The authority figure Signup and view all the answers

Why was Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority so controversial?

The participants were asked to shock people Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?

65% Signup and view all the answers

The difference between the cognitive and behavioral components of attitudes can be explained as:

Cognitive beliefs can be stated in words, while behavioral beliefs affect actions. Signup and view all the answers

A tool for measuring a person's attitudes by tracking brain activity is called a(n)

electroencephalograph (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

An example of observational learning might be

A person learning to cook by watching videos Signup and view all the answers

Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes what occurs when

beliefs are in conflict Signup and view all the answers

According to Reactance Theory, a high school student might be inclined to

skip a class Signup and view all the answers

How do blind taste tests help to break through the halo effect in marketing?

Consumers are forced to choose between products based on taste instead of companies' reputations. Signup and view all the answers

When an individual allows a positive belief about one part of a person to influence his opinion about all of the other parts of that person, this is known as the _____ effect.

halo Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of the halo effect?

A team lead believes a candidate will be a great fit due to their beauty. Signup and view all the answers

When a person who is rude appears to be less attractive, even though he is not really less attractive, this is known as the _____ effect.

devil Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is FALSE about psychologist Edward Thorndike's halo effect?

Judgments people make about others based on their perceptions of one part of them are really accurate. Signup and view all the answers

Social exchange theory posits that we will help others until _____

we're not getting the same amount of help in return Signup and view all the answers

A firefighter rushes inside a burning building to see if anyone is trapped. This is an example of _____.

social responsibility norm Signup and view all the answers

Helping others is considered _____

a biological instinct that furthers evolution Signup and view all the answers

Altruism is defined as NOT helping others because it makes us feel good.

True Signup and view all the answers

In 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed outside her home in New York City. Although neighbors heard her scream, nobody helped her. What phenomenon describes the diffusion of responsibility?

bystander effect Signup and view all the answers

Psychologist John Dollard hypothesized that _____ can result in aggression when a desired goal isn't attained.

frustration Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals BEST illustrates the connection between self-esteem and potential aggression?

Ethan, who is constantly made fun of at work Signup and view all the answers

The concept of social learning suggests that aggression can be learned from all of the following EXCEPT:

A slow computer Signup and view all the answers

Geneticist Dmitri Belyaev's experiments with selective breeding have shown that aggression is _____.

partly genetic Signup and view all the answers

Jeremy and his friends often wrestle when they get into arguments. The parents shrug off the boys' behavior as 'just getting it out of their system.' What is influencing the parents' perception of this type of aggression?

NOT Gender Signup and view all the answers

Grant grew up believing that tall people are more athletic than short people because that is what his parents told him. What is this an example of?

social learning Signup and view all the answers

Ginger is looking for a job in Paris. She heard there are also a lot of people from the city of Creil who are looking for jobs. She has decided that all people from Creil aren't as intelligent as her, and therefore will not get the job. What is this an example of?

motivational theory Signup and view all the answers

According to social identity theory, we perceive _____

our ingroup as heterogeneous and our outgroup as homogenous Signup and view all the answers

Personality theory suggests that prejudices are formed based on _____

personal experiences Signup and view all the answers

Susie is walking home from school when she sees a group of rambunctious older boys up ahead. She decides to cross the street to avoid them. How do stereotypes and the body's natural fight or flight response help to explain Susie's behavior?

Susie's stereotypes told her to initiate a flight response to the situation. Signup and view all the answers

ABC Financial is experiencing issues with new hires that have been caught stealing money. The company has recently hired Gabby who is an I-O psychologist. She suggested implementing a special type of personality test, known as an integrity test. It will be given to all candidates who reach the second round interview level in an attempt to weed out individuals who will not be trustworthy or honest. This activity would fall under which of Gabby's roles?

Industrial - Testing Signup and view all the answers

Howard is an I-O psychologist at his company. Recently, his employer announced a joint venture with an organization in China. Soon, many of the senior managers will be traveling to meet with the staff there. Howard knows that these individuals are not used to working with folks from another culture who may do things differently. He assembles a presentation for them that details how to best work with their new counterparts in China. This activity falls under what responsibility of Howard's?

Organizational - Diversity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary task of the industrial part of organizational psychology?

how to make employees of the company more productive Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phrases best describes organizational psychology?

False Signup and view all the answers

The organizational aspect of I-O psychology focuses on _____

making the company as strong as it can be Signup and view all the answers

The Western Electric (Hawthorne Works) Studies revealed all of the following EXCEPT _____

How managers supported each other when workers expressed job dissatisfaction Signup and view all the answers

Natalie is a shift supervisor for a manufacturing firm. Upper management has indicated that production is below company goals and has asked for ideas to increase production levels. Natalie submitted the suggestion to increase bonus pay once workers meet a minimum criteria. Her suggestion is an example of _____

an external perspective theory of organizational behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of organizational behavior?

The study of group and individual performance and activity within an organization Signup and view all the answers

The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the necessity for understanding human behavior in a work environment. Which of the following ideas did NOT originate during this era?

The internal and external perspectives of how organizational behavior is viewed by companies Signup and view all the answers

What perspective supports the belief that employee behavior is in large part based on own personal feelings, interactions, thoughts and experiences?

Internal Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sales professionals can utilize persuasion techniques to influence customer behavior.
Social psychology integrates concepts from both sociology and psychology to understand human interactions.
Post-WWII research focused on community, culture, and individual behaviors; language acquisition was not a primary interest.
Kurt Lewin emphasized that behavior is influenced by both individual traits and environmental factors.
Social psychology excludes the study of brain biology as part of its scope.

Social loafing is evidenced when individuals refrain from participating in group discussions.
Groupthink can lead an army unit to agree on hazardous plans, risking collective safety.
Zajonc's drive theory suggests that competition may not enhance performance for everyone.
Social facilitation explains why athletes perform better under public scrutiny.
Solidarity in cohesive groups is often maintained by dismissing dissenting opinions.

Attribution Theory

The fundamental attribution error can manifest when individuals make misplaced assumptions about causality following negative experiences.
The just world hypothesis frames victims as responsible for their predicaments based on perceived actions or appearances.
Self-serving bias can be observed when individuals attribute successes to their abilities and failures to external factors.
Weiner's extensions of Heider's theory highlight the role of external unstable factors in performance variance.
External factors can be viewed as determinants for success, evidenced by unusually easy conditions for tests.

Attraction

Cross-cultural attractiveness often includes youthful physical traits.
Shared educational pursuits and belief systems can foster friendships, as seen in Bill’s scenario.
Sternberg's model outlines that intimacy and commitment jointly develop companionate love.
Cultural views on body weight can depict wealth and fertility.
Incremental acceptance of behaviors is essential for forming intimate relationships.

Conformity and Group Influence

Group conformity is influenced by the perception that a majority is unified in actions.
Solomon Asch's work highlights the significant impact of social pressure on individual behavior.
Observational learning occurs when individuals adapt their actions by observing others, evident in James's workplace behavior.
Strong identification with cultural groups usually correlates with heightened conformity.
Normative conformity is indicated by behaviors that avoid social isolation.

Obedience and Authority

Milgram's experiments illustrated participants' willingness to prioritize authority over personal morals.
Respect for authority figures persuaded many participants to administer high-voltage shocks.
Responsibility for actions was often attributed to the authority rather than the individuals themselves.
The testing methods used in Milgram's study raised ethical concerns due to the psychological distress caused.

Attitude Components

Cognitive components of attitudes relate to verbalized beliefs, while behavioral components influence actions.
Attitudes can be qualitatively assessed using tools such as electroencephalograms (EEGs).
Cognitive dissonance theory explains conflicts arising from inconsistent beliefs.
Reactance theory indicates that restrictions on freedom can prompt opposite behaviors, such as skipping class.

The Halo Effect

The halo effect biases perceptions based on favorable impressions in one aspect influencing overall judgments.
Positive attributes can enhance the perceived value of an individual, while negative behaviors can diminish it, as seen in the devil effect.
Thorndike's halo effect indicates inaccuracies in judgments based on singular traits.

Social exchange theory posits that motivation to help others diminishes when perceived reciprocity is absent.
Social norms dictate responsibilities like a firefighter's instinctual rush to aid in emergencies.
Altruism is ingrained in human behavior as an evolutionary advantage.
The bystander effect demonstrates the diffusion of responsibility in emergency situations, exemplified by Kitty Genovese’s story.

Aggression

Frustration contributes to aggressive behaviors when goals are obstructed.
Self-esteem may affect propensity for aggression, illustrated by Ethan's experience.
Aggression can be learned through observation and environment, while intrinsic factors are also significant.

Stereotypes and Prejudice

Social learning influences prejudices formed based on familial beliefs.
Motivational theory explains biases against certain groups based on perceived intelligence.
Social identity theory describes the differing perceptions of ingroups and outgroups.
Prejudices often stem from personal experiences and can trigger survival responses.

Organizational Psychology

Organizational psychology addresses employee productivity and behavior enhancement.
Diversity training aids in cultural acclimatization amongst teams.
Historical contexts, like the Industrial Revolution, paved the way for structured study in organizational behavior.
An external perspective suggests examining organizational behavior through output-driven factors, while internal perspectives emphasize individual feelings and experiences.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge on Chapter 13 of Psychology with these flashcards. Explore key concepts like social psychology and persuasion techniques. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of how psychology can be applied in social situations.

Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

How did the discipline of psychology aid in understanding organizational behavior?

Which of the following provides the BEST example of why the Industrial Revolution led to the study of organizational behavior in the United States?

_____, a Harvard psychologist, was interested in the study of _____ and how it could be used to examine organizational psychology.

What is a term that was developed in the 1950s to refer to 'how individuals perform different roles in a group environment'?

Someone who wants to study mentoring, developing, and managing employees would study the administrative science known as _____?

How might a sales professional integrate social psychology into their strategy?

Which of the following statements is LEAST representative of social psychology?

In the Post-WWII era, Lewin and other social psychologists were interested in studying all of the following EXCEPT _____

When examining a person's behavior, why would Kurt Lewin have been interested in knowing about that person's culture and community?

Social psychology includes the study of all of the following EXCEPT:

A student in a classroom is exhibiting social loafing by _____

While deciding on how to approach a battle, an army unit that is exhibiting groupthink might _____

According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory, a cross country runner might perform better if his competitors challenge him.

A professional football player who plays better when his games are nationally televised is exhibiting _____

According to Yale psychologist Irving Janis, close-knit groups maintain solidarity by _____

Derek leaves the movie theater feeling very dissatisfied after viewing the latest installment in his favorite series. This installment wasn't interesting and Derek almost got up and left halfway through. He decides to avoid movie theaters in general following the experience.

How might someone who subscribes to the just world hypothesis view a rape victim?

How might a poker player exhibit a self-serving bias?

In terms of the additional work that Bernard Weiner did in relation to Heider's attribution theory, what type of factor would account for a skilled pilot having a turbulent landing due to windy conditions?

According to Fritz Heider's attribution theory, a student who passed a test due to external causes _____

Which of the following attributes indicate cross-cultural attractiveness?

Bill, 22 years of age, is a native of Chicago and is currently following a three-year Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia. Bill is an evangelical and his family has always supported the Republican party. Who among the following will most likely be a friend to Bill?

Based on Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following combinations is MOST LIKELY to result in companion love?

In some cultures, _____ is an indication of wealth and fertility.

Intimacy and close relationships are more easily formed with others who are likely to accept our _____

Sarah notices that just about everybody on her soccer team wears the same type of headband. Based on typical conformity patterns, why is Sarah likely to also buy this type of headband?

Why were Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity so important?

James has just been hired at XYZ Corporation. He carefully watches how his new colleagues behave in order to learn how he should behave. James is exhibiting _____

In which of the following cultural examples would you expect a strong level of conformity?

A new student at a high school is displaying normative conformity by all of the following EXCEPT:

Each participant in Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority tested their willingness to:

In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:

In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, the participants believed the responsibility for the shocks fell to:

Why was Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority so controversial?

What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?

The difference between the cognitive and behavioral components of attitudes can be explained as:

A tool for measuring a person's attitudes by tracking brain activity is called a(n)

An example of observational learning might be

Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes what occurs when

According to Reactance Theory, a high school student might be inclined to

How do blind taste tests help to break through the halo effect in marketing?

When an individual allows a positive belief about one part of a person to influence his opinion about all of the other parts of that person, this is known as the _____ effect.

Which of the following is an example of the halo effect?

When a person who is rude appears to be less attractive, even though he is not really less attractive, this is known as the _____ effect.

Which of the following statements is FALSE about psychologist Edward Thorndike's halo effect?

Social exchange theory posits that we will help others until _____

A firefighter rushes inside a burning building to see if anyone is trapped. This is an example of _____.

Helping others is considered _____

Altruism is defined as NOT helping others because it makes us feel good.

In 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed outside her home in New York City. Although neighbors heard her scream, nobody helped her. What phenomenon describes the diffusion of responsibility?

Psychologist John Dollard hypothesized that _____ can result in aggression when a desired goal isn't attained.

Which of the following individuals BEST illustrates the connection between self-esteem and potential aggression?

The concept of social learning suggests that aggression can be learned from all of the following EXCEPT:

Geneticist Dmitri Belyaev's experiments with selective breeding have shown that aggression is _____.

Jeremy and his friends often wrestle when they get into arguments. The parents shrug off the boys' behavior as 'just getting it out of their system.' What is influencing the parents' perception of this type of aggression?

Grant grew up believing that tall people are more athletic than short people because that is what his parents told him. What is this an example of?

Ginger is looking for a job in Paris. She heard there are also a lot of people from the city of Creil who are looking for jobs. She has decided that all people from Creil aren't as intelligent as her, and therefore will not get the job. What is this an example of?

According to social identity theory, we perceive _____

Personality theory suggests that prejudices are formed based on _____

Susie is walking home from school when she sees a group of rambunctious older boys up ahead. She decides to cross the street to avoid them. How do stereotypes and the body's natural fight or flight response help to explain Susie's behavior?

What is the primary task of the industrial part of organizational psychology?

Which of the following phrases best describes organizational psychology?

The organizational aspect of I-O psychology focuses on _____

The Western Electric (Hawthorne Works) Studies revealed all of the following EXCEPT _____

What is the definition of organizational behavior?

The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the necessity for understanding human behavior in a work environment. Which of the following ideas did NOT originate during this era?

What perspective supports the belief that employee behavior is in large part based on own personal feelings, interactions, thoughts and experiences?

Study Notes

Introduction to Social Psychology

Group Behavior in Social Psychology

Attribution Theory

Attraction

Conformity and Group Influence

Obedience and Authority

Attitude Components

The Halo Effect

Altruism and Social Responsibility

Aggression

_, a Harvard psychologist, was interested in the study of _ and how it could be used to examine organizational psychology.