Psychology Chapter 13 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

How did the discipline of psychology aid in understanding organizational behavior?

By helping to explain how internal and external influences affect individuals' work performance and behavior

Which of the following provides the BEST example of why the Industrial Revolution led to the study of organizational behavior in the United States?

  • Business owners had more control over employee schedules.
  • There was a rise in academic research about group dynamics.
  • Many people were working in entirely new environments, such as factories where worker output was a key factor. (correct)
  • Advancements in technology sparked more interest in human behavior.

    • _____, a Harvard psychologist, was interested in the study of _____ and how it could be used to examine organizational psychology.

    Hugo Munsterberg; applied psychology

    What is a term that was developed in the 1950s to refer to 'how individuals perform different roles in a group environment'?

    <p>Role Set</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Someone who wants to study mentoring, developing, and managing employees would study the administrative science known as _____?

    <p>management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a sales professional integrate social psychology into their strategy?

    <p>He or she might incorporate persuasion techniques that have been shown to influence people.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is LEAST representative of social psychology?

    <p>It focuses solely on individual personality traits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Post-WWII era, Lewin and other social psychologists were interested in studying all of the following EXCEPT _____

    <p>How people can more easily acquire a second language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When examining a person's behavior, why would Kurt Lewin have been interested in knowing about that person's culture and community?

    <p>Lewin believed that a person's behavior is a function of both individual character and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social psychology includes the study of all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Biology of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A student in a classroom is exhibiting social loafing by _____

    <p>not raising her hand when the teacher asks a question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    While deciding on how to approach a battle, an army unit that is exhibiting groupthink might _____

    <p>endanger themselves with a risky but agreed-upon plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Robert Zajonc's drive theory, a cross country runner might perform better if his competitors challenge him.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A professional football player who plays better when his games are nationally televised is exhibiting _____

    <p>social facilitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Yale psychologist Irving Janis, close-knit groups maintain solidarity by _____

    <p>ignoring dissent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Derek leaves the movie theater feeling very dissatisfied after viewing the latest installment in his favorite series. This installment wasn't interesting and Derek almost got up and left halfway through. He decides to avoid movie theaters in general following the experience.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might someone who subscribes to the just world hypothesis view a rape victim?

    <p>As in some way inviting the attack through their actions or dress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a poker player exhibit a self-serving bias?

    <p>By crediting a winning streak to his skills and a losing streak to a poor dealer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of the additional work that Bernard Weiner did in relation to Heider's attribution theory, what type of factor would account for a skilled pilot having a turbulent landing due to windy conditions?

    <p>An external-unstable factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Fritz Heider's attribution theory, a student who passed a test due to external causes _____

    <p>may have received an unusually easy test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following attributes indicate cross-cultural attractiveness?

    <p>Having youthful facial features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Bill, 22 years of age, is a native of Chicago and is currently following a three-year Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia. Bill is an evangelical and his family has always supported the Republican party. Who among the following will most likely be a friend to Bill?

    <p>Christopher who is following a Bachelor Degree in Biology at the University of Philadelphia and has family who has always followed the evangelical traditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on Sternberg's triangular model of love, which of the following combinations is MOST LIKELY to result in companion love?

    <p>Intimacy + commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In some cultures, _____ is an indication of wealth and fertility.

    <p>excess weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intimacy and close relationships are more easily formed with others who are likely to accept our _____

    <p>behaviors and attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sarah notices that just about everybody on her soccer team wears the same type of headband. Based on typical conformity patterns, why is Sarah likely to also buy this type of headband?

    <p>A person is most inclined to conform with a group when he or she believes that the majority of the group is acting together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why were Solomon Asch's experiments on conformity so important?

    <p>They clearly demonstrated the power of conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    James has just been hired at XYZ Corporation. He carefully watches how his new colleagues behave in order to learn how he should behave. James is exhibiting _____

    <p>informational conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following cultural examples would you expect a strong level of conformity?

    <p>A culture where the cultural group identity is highly valued</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A new student at a high school is displaying normative conformity by all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>Sitting alone in the cafeteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Each participant in Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority tested their willingness to:

    <p>Disobey their personal conscience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, many participants administered the shocks because:

    <p>They respected the professor's authority</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority, the participants believed the responsibility for the shocks fell to:

    <p>The authority figure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Stanley Milgram's experiment on obedience and authority so controversial?

    <p>The participants were asked to shock people</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of participants in Stanley Milgram's study on obedience and authority continued to administer 450-volt shocks at the insistence of the authority figure?

    <p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The difference between the cognitive and behavioral components of attitudes can be explained as:

    <p>Cognitive beliefs can be stated in words, while behavioral beliefs affect actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A tool for measuring a person's attitudes by tracking brain activity is called a(n)

    <p>electroencephalograph (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An example of observational learning might be

    <p>A person learning to cook by watching videos</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive Dissonance Theory describes what occurs when

    <p>beliefs are in conflict</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Reactance Theory, a high school student might be inclined to

    <p>skip a class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do blind taste tests help to break through the halo effect in marketing?

    <p>Consumers are forced to choose between products based on taste instead of companies' reputations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When an individual allows a positive belief about one part of a person to influence his opinion about all of the other parts of that person, this is known as the _____ effect.

    <p>halo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of the halo effect?

    <p>A team lead believes a candidate will be a great fit due to their beauty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a person who is rude appears to be less attractive, even though he is not really less attractive, this is known as the _____ effect.

    <p>devil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is FALSE about psychologist Edward Thorndike's halo effect?

    <p>Judgments people make about others based on their perceptions of one part of them are really accurate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Social exchange theory posits that we will help others until _____

    <p>we're not getting the same amount of help in return</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A firefighter rushes inside a burning building to see if anyone is trapped. This is an example of _____.

    <p>social responsibility norm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helping others is considered _____

    <p>a biological instinct that furthers evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Altruism is defined as NOT helping others because it makes us feel good.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In 1964, Kitty Genovese was brutally stabbed outside her home in New York City. Although neighbors heard her scream, nobody helped her. What phenomenon describes the diffusion of responsibility?

    <p>bystander effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychologist John Dollard hypothesized that _____ can result in aggression when a desired goal isn't attained.

    <p>frustration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following individuals BEST illustrates the connection between self-esteem and potential aggression?

    <p>Ethan, who is constantly made fun of at work</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of social learning suggests that aggression can be learned from all of the following EXCEPT:

    <p>A slow computer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Geneticist Dmitri Belyaev's experiments with selective breeding have shown that aggression is _____.

    <p>partly genetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Jeremy and his friends often wrestle when they get into arguments. The parents shrug off the boys' behavior as 'just getting it out of their system.' What is influencing the parents' perception of this type of aggression?

    <p>NOT Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Grant grew up believing that tall people are more athletic than short people because that is what his parents told him. What is this an example of?

    <p>social learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ginger is looking for a job in Paris. She heard there are also a lot of people from the city of Creil who are looking for jobs. She has decided that all people from Creil aren't as intelligent as her, and therefore will not get the job. What is this an example of?

    <p>motivational theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to social identity theory, we perceive _____

    <p>our ingroup as heterogeneous and our outgroup as homogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personality theory suggests that prejudices are formed based on _____

    <p>personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Susie is walking home from school when she sees a group of rambunctious older boys up ahead. She decides to cross the street to avoid them. How do stereotypes and the body's natural fight or flight response help to explain Susie's behavior?

    <p>Susie's stereotypes told her to initiate a flight response to the situation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ABC Financial is experiencing issues with new hires that have been caught stealing money. The company has recently hired Gabby who is an I-O psychologist. She suggested implementing a special type of personality test, known as an integrity test. It will be given to all candidates who reach the second round interview level in an attempt to weed out individuals who will not be trustworthy or honest. This activity would fall under which of Gabby's roles?

    <p>Industrial - Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Howard is an I-O psychologist at his company. Recently, his employer announced a joint venture with an organization in China. Soon, many of the senior managers will be traveling to meet with the staff there. Howard knows that these individuals are not used to working with folks from another culture who may do things differently. He assembles a presentation for them that details how to best work with their new counterparts in China. This activity falls under what responsibility of Howard's?

    <p>Organizational - Diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary task of the industrial part of organizational psychology?

    <p>how to make employees of the company more productive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phrases best describes organizational psychology?

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The organizational aspect of I-O psychology focuses on _____

    <p>making the company as strong as it can be</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Western Electric (Hawthorne Works) Studies revealed all of the following EXCEPT _____

    <p>How managers supported each other when workers expressed job dissatisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Natalie is a shift supervisor for a manufacturing firm. Upper management has indicated that production is below company goals and has asked for ideas to increase production levels. Natalie submitted the suggestion to increase bonus pay once workers meet a minimum criteria. Her suggestion is an example of _____

    <p>an external perspective theory of organizational behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of organizational behavior?

    <p>The study of group and individual performance and activity within an organization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Industrial Revolution gave rise to the necessity for understanding human behavior in a work environment. Which of the following ideas did NOT originate during this era?

    <p>The internal and external perspectives of how organizational behavior is viewed by companies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective supports the belief that employee behavior is in large part based on own personal feelings, interactions, thoughts and experiences?

    <p>Internal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Social Psychology

    • Sales professionals can utilize persuasion techniques to influence customer behavior.
    • Social psychology integrates concepts from both sociology and psychology to understand human interactions.
    • Post-WWII research focused on community, culture, and individual behaviors; language acquisition was not a primary interest.
    • Kurt Lewin emphasized that behavior is influenced by both individual traits and environmental factors.
    • Social psychology excludes the study of brain biology as part of its scope.

    Group Behavior in Social Psychology

    • Social loafing is evidenced when individuals refrain from participating in group discussions.
    • Groupthink can lead an army unit to agree on hazardous plans, risking collective safety.
    • Zajonc's drive theory suggests that competition may not enhance performance for everyone.
    • Social facilitation explains why athletes perform better under public scrutiny.
    • Solidarity in cohesive groups is often maintained by dismissing dissenting opinions.

    Attribution Theory

    • The fundamental attribution error can manifest when individuals make misplaced assumptions about causality following negative experiences.
    • The just world hypothesis frames victims as responsible for their predicaments based on perceived actions or appearances.
    • Self-serving bias can be observed when individuals attribute successes to their abilities and failures to external factors.
    • Weiner's extensions of Heider's theory highlight the role of external unstable factors in performance variance.
    • External factors can be viewed as determinants for success, evidenced by unusually easy conditions for tests.

    Attraction

    • Cross-cultural attractiveness often includes youthful physical traits.
    • Shared educational pursuits and belief systems can foster friendships, as seen in Bill’s scenario.
    • Sternberg's model outlines that intimacy and commitment jointly develop companionate love.
    • Cultural views on body weight can depict wealth and fertility.
    • Incremental acceptance of behaviors is essential for forming intimate relationships.

    Conformity and Group Influence

    • Group conformity is influenced by the perception that a majority is unified in actions.
    • Solomon Asch's work highlights the significant impact of social pressure on individual behavior.
    • Observational learning occurs when individuals adapt their actions by observing others, evident in James's workplace behavior.
    • Strong identification with cultural groups usually correlates with heightened conformity.
    • Normative conformity is indicated by behaviors that avoid social isolation.

    Obedience and Authority

    • Milgram's experiments illustrated participants' willingness to prioritize authority over personal morals.
    • Respect for authority figures persuaded many participants to administer high-voltage shocks.
    • Responsibility for actions was often attributed to the authority rather than the individuals themselves.
    • The testing methods used in Milgram's study raised ethical concerns due to the psychological distress caused.

    Attitude Components

    • Cognitive components of attitudes relate to verbalized beliefs, while behavioral components influence actions.
    • Attitudes can be qualitatively assessed using tools such as electroencephalograms (EEGs).
    • Cognitive dissonance theory explains conflicts arising from inconsistent beliefs.
    • Reactance theory indicates that restrictions on freedom can prompt opposite behaviors, such as skipping class.

    The Halo Effect

    • The halo effect biases perceptions based on favorable impressions in one aspect influencing overall judgments.
    • Positive attributes can enhance the perceived value of an individual, while negative behaviors can diminish it, as seen in the devil effect.
    • Thorndike's halo effect indicates inaccuracies in judgments based on singular traits.

    Altruism and Social Responsibility

    • Social exchange theory posits that motivation to help others diminishes when perceived reciprocity is absent.
    • Social norms dictate responsibilities like a firefighter's instinctual rush to aid in emergencies.
    • Altruism is ingrained in human behavior as an evolutionary advantage.
    • The bystander effect demonstrates the diffusion of responsibility in emergency situations, exemplified by Kitty Genovese’s story.

    Aggression

    • Frustration contributes to aggressive behaviors when goals are obstructed.
    • Self-esteem may affect propensity for aggression, illustrated by Ethan's experience.
    • Aggression can be learned through observation and environment, while intrinsic factors are also significant.

    Stereotypes and Prejudice

    • Social learning influences prejudices formed based on familial beliefs.
    • Motivational theory explains biases against certain groups based on perceived intelligence.
    • Social identity theory describes the differing perceptions of ingroups and outgroups.
    • Prejudices often stem from personal experiences and can trigger survival responses.

    Organizational Psychology

    • Organizational psychology addresses employee productivity and behavior enhancement.
    • Diversity training aids in cultural acclimatization amongst teams.
    • Historical contexts, like the Industrial Revolution, paved the way for structured study in organizational behavior.
    • An external perspective suggests examining organizational behavior through output-driven factors, while internal perspectives emphasize individual feelings and experiences.

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    Test your knowledge on Chapter 13 of Psychology with these flashcards. Explore key concepts like social psychology and persuasion techniques. This quiz will help reinforce your understanding of how psychology can be applied in social situations.

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