Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

Authoritative

Uninvolved (correct)

Authoritarian

Permissive

Which action is an example of psychological control?

Discounting children's feelings (correct)

Requiring children to comply with demands without question

Threatening to take away privileges

Engaging in reasoning

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents?

Permissive

Authoritarian (correct)

Uninvolved

Authoritative

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence?

Uninvolved Signup and view all the answers

A recent study found that high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in which type of parenting?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately is called:

Discipline Signup and view all the answers

When is parental discipline effective?

When the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehavior and engages in a preferred behavior Signup and view all the answers

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as:

Internalization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is effective at promoting internalization?

Other-oriented induction Signup and view all the answers

Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behavior on other people is referred to as:

Other-oriented induction Signup and view all the answers

The use of other-oriented induction can teach children:

Both empathy for others and social competence Signup and view all the answers

A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again is called:

Punishment Signup and view all the answers

Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative?

Disapproving look Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?

Spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world Signup and view all the answers

In which group in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children?

None of these Signup and view all the answers

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _ to/from that of fathers.

Less; different Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE?

Children who are disobedient, angry, or challenging make it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting Signup and view all the answers

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _.

Passive; active Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

Appearance Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process is TRUE?

Children's characteristics and behavior can have a substantial influence on the parenting process Signup and view all the answers

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?

Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12 Signup and view all the answers

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviors and hostile adolescent behaviors results in:

An escalation of these behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE?

Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence Signup and view all the answers

Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?

Parental support Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?

Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other Signup and view all the answers

Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships?

Being warm and accepting Signup and view all the answers

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of the following are TRUE except:

The children are younger Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?

Biological siblings in intact, nondivorced families Signup and view all the answers

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in:

The motives common in different environments Signup and view all the answers

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is:

Dimensions that define parenting styles Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE?

The meaning of discipline and control can differ cross-culturally, and this difference in meaning can change the effects of the authoritarian style Signup and view all the answers

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children?

Parental control, including the use of scolding and shame, appears to have few negative effects Signup and view all the answers

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were NOT found to occur together in _____ families.

European American Signup and view all the answers

For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice is related to negative outcomes?

Physical punishment Signup and view all the answers

Compared with low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:

Can spend quality time with their children Signup and view all the answers

Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as:

Teachers Signup and view all the answers

One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that:

The increased stress that lower-SES parents experience causes them to have less time and energy for complex child-rearing issues than do higher-SES parents Signup and view all the answers

A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is:

Social support Signup and view all the answers

In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty?

20% Signup and view all the answers

Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is:

The second highest Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is NOT a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting?

Adequate shelter Signup and view all the answers

In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to:

Be less beneficial for those who live in the poorest, most dangerous neighborhoods than it is for other low-income parents Signup and view all the answers

Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children.

1.3 million Signup and view all the answers

Compared with other children, homeless children are:

More likely to have serious behavior problems and more likely to be withdrawn Signup and view all the answers

A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is:

Running away as an adolescent Signup and view all the answers

The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.

Natural experiment Signup and view all the answers

Recent research has demonstrated that, compared with children with siblings, 'onlies' in China have NOT been found to be:

Overindulged Signup and view all the answers

The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?

Macrosystem and microsystem Signup and view all the answers

The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as:

Family structure Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s?

Percentage of children living with two married parents Signup and view all the answers

Regarding change in the rate of births to unmarried women, between 1990 and 2010, the rate:

Fell for women under the age of 19 and increased for all other groups Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

Being involved in school activities reduces the risk for childbearing during adolescence Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?

Living with both biological parents Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children Signup and view all the answers

Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:

More children Signup and view all the answers

Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant?

Hailee, who is 34 years old and has no other children Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?

They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting Signup and view all the answers

About _____% of all children in the United States live with a grandparent.

10 Signup and view all the answers

Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has:

Doubled Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers?

Grandparent-headed families tend to be more affluent than households not headed by grandparents Signup and view all the answers

The percentage of women who had four or more children:

Dropped from 40% in 1976 to 14% in 2014 Signup and view all the answers

How many marriages can expect to end in divorce?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are:

Pretty much the same Signup and view all the answers

Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents?

The closeness of the parent-child relationship Signup and view all the answers

Approximately what percentage of remarriages involving children in the United States end within 10 years?

40% Signup and view all the answers

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on:

Many child outcomes, both in the short and long term Signup and view all the answers

Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:

More likely to experience depression Signup and view all the answers

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

Decreased rate of divorce in adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?

Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?

Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?

They generally receive full child-support payments Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?

Low parental conflict Signup and view all the answers

The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents would NOT be due to:

Economic stability Signup and view all the answers

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?

Frequency of contact with noncustodial father Signup and view all the answers

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?

Adolescents Signup and view all the answers

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?

Younger adolescents Signup and view all the answers

Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?

Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden because the quality of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact Signup and view all the answers

Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce?

Custody by mothers Signup and view all the answers

Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.

Both short-term and long-term problems Signup and view all the answers

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems?

Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict Signup and view all the answers

Which factor improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage?

Supportive relations between the noncustodial parent and the stepparent Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE?

Children with stepfathers tend to have higher rates of disruptive problem behaviors than do children in intact families Signup and view all the answers

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren?

Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty Signup and view all the answers

Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother?

Todd, a 14-year-old boy Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family?

Active parenting by stepparent Signup and view all the answers

Family dynamics refers to:

How the family operates as a whole Signup and view all the answers

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

Socialization Signup and view all the answers

What would NOT be a way that parents socialize their children?

Heredity Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?

Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighborhood mother whose husband is ill Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity?

Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school Signup and view all the answers

In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of:

Control Signup and view all the answers

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

Authoritative parents are those who:

Are attentive and consistent in their discipline Signup and view all the answers

Authoritarian parents are those who:

Are highly demanding and unresponsive Signup and view all the answers

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behavior, and self-confidence?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, 'I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage.' Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as:

Authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as:

Permissive Signup and view all the answers

In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind does NOT include:

Psychological control Signup and view all the answers

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

Uninvolved Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

One-Child Policy and Its Effects

China's one-child-per-family policy serves as a natural experiment for studying the developmental effects of being an only child.
Research shows that only children in China are not overindulged compared to those with siblings.
The policy reflects a connection between the macrosystem and microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model.

Family Structure and Dynamics

Family structure refers to the number and relationships of people living in a household.
The percentage of children living with two married parents has decreased from the 1970s to the 2000s.
The birth rate for unmarried women rose from 1990 to 2010 for all age groups, with a notable increase for those 20 and older.

Adolescent Parenthood

School involvement can reduce the risk of childbearing during adolescence.
Factors that increase the risk of adolescent pregnancy include having an uninvolved mother and friends who are sexually active.
Adolescent mothers often provide lower levels of verbal stimulation to their children.

Parent and Child Relationships

Older parents generally have more children, less stress, and greater financial resources than younger parents.
Sensitive behavior towards infants is more likely in older mothers, especially those without other children.
The majority of children in the U.S. live with grandparents due to various family structures.

Custody and Divorce

Approximately one in two marriages end in divorce, with children from divorced parents experiencing higher rates of depression.
Conflict surrounding divorce affects children's adjustment, with higher levels of involvement from noncustodial fathers improving outcomes.
Most experts believe children of divorce face both short-term and long-term problems compared to those from intact homes.

Parenting Styles and Child Outcomes

Authoritative parenting, characterized by warmth and high control, tends to produce the most well-adjusted children.
Authoritarian parenting is marked by high demands and unresponsiveness, leading to lower social competence in children.
Permissive parenting often results in children being happy but low in competence and self-regulation.

Socialization Techniques

Parents socialize children through direct instruction, indirect socialization, and social management.
Psychological control, such as discounting children's feelings, is often reported among authoritarian parents.
The effectiveness of parental discipline relies on improving the child's behavior rather than merely stopping undesirable actions.

Stepparents and Remarriage

Children may face challenges during their parents' remarriage, particularly if they are younger adolescents.
Better integration of stepparents into families is linked to lack of hostility from noncustodial biological parents.
Stepmothers tend to experience more difficulty in relationships with stepchildren than stepfathers.

General Insights

About 15% of children in the U.S. live with a grandparent, a figure that has doubled since 1970.
Children raised by grandparents can experience a range of emotional and behavioral issues.
Economic factors also play a significant role in the overall well-being and stability of children across different family dynamics.### Behavior Management
Effective discipline results in internalization of desired behavior, meaning the child accepts the behavior as their own.
Internalization can be promoted through other-oriented induction, which emphasizes the effects of behavior on others.
Other-oriented induction teaches both empathy for others and social competence.

Punishment and Discipline

Punishment is defined as a negative stimulus that follows a behavior, reducing the likelihood of its recurrence.
Types of punishment include spanking, love withdrawal, yelling, and disapproving looks; disapproving looks are considered less negative.
Spanking is linked to negative behavioral outcomes and is not universally recommended as a disciplinary method.

Parenting Dynamics

In typical Western families, mothers spend less time playing than fathers, with a distinct difference in types of play.
Children can impact their parents' behaviors actively through their actions and behaviors, while appearance influences passively.

Sibling Relationships

Differential treatment by parents affects sibling relationships, more problematic in early and middle childhood than during adolescence.
Siblings with supportive parental relationships tend to have better interactions with each other.
Higher levels of parental support increase overall sibling support and relationships.

Cultural Perspectives on Parenting

Ethnic differences in parenting styles may stem from varying motives influenced by environmental factors.
The impact of parenting styles varies by culture, with differing meanings attached to discipline and control.

Socioeconomic Influences on Parenting

Higher-SES parents typically have more opportunities for quality time with children and view themselves as educators.
Lower-SES parents may face increased stress, leading to less energy for complex parenting issues.
Approximately 20% of children in the U.S. lived in poverty in 2016, the second highest rate among industrialized nations.

Child Homelessness

An estimated 1.3 million children experience homelessness in the U.S. annually, facing increased risks for serious behavioral issues and withdrawal.
Factors like strong parental relationships and involvement in education can mitigate the negative effects of homelessness, while running away exacerbates issues.

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Enhance your understanding of childhood development with these flashcards focused on Chapter 12. This quiz examines the one-child policy in China and its impact on children's behavior and development compared to those with siblings. Test your knowledge and retention of key concepts from this chapter.

Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

Which action is an example of psychological control?

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents?

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence?

A recent study found that high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in which type of parenting?

The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately is called:

When is parental discipline effective?

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as:

Which of the following is effective at promoting internalization?

Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behavior on other people is referred to as:

The use of other-oriented induction can teach children:

A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again is called:

Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative?

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?

In which group in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children?

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers.

Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE?

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____.

Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

Which statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process is TRUE?

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviors and hostile adolescent behaviors results in:

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE?

Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?

Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?

Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships?

Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of the following are TRUE except:

Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?

Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in:

Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is:

Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE?

Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children?

In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were NOT found to occur together in _____ families.

For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice is related to negative outcomes?

Compared with low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:

Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as:

One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that:

A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is:

In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty?

Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is:

Which variable is NOT a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting?

In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to:

Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children.

Compared with other children, homeless children are:

A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is:

The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.

Recent research has demonstrated that, compared with children with siblings, 'onlies' in China have NOT been found to be:

The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?

The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as:

Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s?

Regarding change in the rate of births to unmarried women, between 1990 and 2010, the rate:

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:

Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant?

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?

About _____% of all children in the United States live with a grandparent.

Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has:

Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers?

The percentage of women who had four or more children:

How many marriages can expect to end in divorce?

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are:

Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents?

Approximately what percentage of remarriages involving children in the United States end within 10 years?

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on:

Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?

Which statement is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?

The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents would NOT be due to:

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?

In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?

Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce?

Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _ to/from that of fathers.

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _.