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Questions and Answers
Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?
Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?
- Authoritative
- Uninvolved (correct)
- Authoritarian
- Permissive
Which action is an example of psychological control?
Which action is an example of psychological control?
- Discounting children's feelings (correct)
- Requiring children to comply with demands without question
- Threatening to take away privileges
- Engaging in reasoning
Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents?
Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents?
- Permissive
- Authoritarian (correct)
- Uninvolved
- Authoritative
Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence?
Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence?
A recent study found that high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in which type of parenting?
A recent study found that high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in which type of parenting?
The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately is called:
The set of strategies and behaviors parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately is called:
When is parental discipline effective?
When is parental discipline effective?
Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as:
Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behavior because the child has learned and accepted the desired behavior is referred to as:
Which of the following is effective at promoting internalization?
Which of the following is effective at promoting internalization?
Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behavior on other people is referred to as:
Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behavior on other people is referred to as:
The use of other-oriented induction can teach children:
The use of other-oriented induction can teach children:
A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again is called:
A negative stimulus that follows a behavior to reduce the likelihood that the behavior will occur again is called:
Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative?
Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative?
Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?
Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?
In which group in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children?
In which group in the United States do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children?
In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers.
In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers.
Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE?
Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE?
The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____.
The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviors because of their own behavior is _____.
Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?
Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?
Which statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process is TRUE?
Which statement about children's characteristics and behavior and the parenting process is TRUE?
Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?
Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years old, 8 years old, and 12 years old. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?
The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviors and hostile adolescent behaviors results in:
The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviors and hostile adolescent behaviors results in:
Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE?
Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE?
Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?
Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?
Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?
Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?
Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships?
Research has demonstrated that which parental practice is associated with less hostility in sibling relationships?
Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of the following are TRUE except:
Differential treatment of siblings by parents is less detrimental to children when all of the following are TRUE except:
Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?
Which type of sibling pair is LEAST likely to be characterized by rivalry and conflict?
Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in:
Psychologists have suggested that ethnic differences in parenting styles in the United States may be a result of differences in:
Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is:
Cross-cultural studies of parenting styles have demonstrated that a factor that does NOT differ across cultures and subcultures is:
Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE?
Which statement about cultural differences in the effect of parenting style on child outcome is TRUE?
Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children?
Research has suggested which assertion in regard to the effect of parenting style for Chinese and Chinese American children?
In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were NOT found to occur together in _____ families.
In a cross-cultural study of parenting style, high levels of warmth and high levels of control were NOT found to occur together in _____ families.
For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice is related to negative outcomes?
For Chinese American and Chinese children, which parenting practice is related to negative outcomes?
Compared with low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:
Compared with low-SES parents, higher-SES parents:
Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as:
Higher-SES parents are more likely than lower-SES parents to view themselves as:
One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that:
One current hypothesis about why there are socioeconomic differences in parenting practices is that:
A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is:
A trait that is NOT more common among families experiencing long-term economic stress than among other families is:
In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty?
In the United States in 2016, approximately what percentage of children under 18 years of age lived in poverty?
Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is:
Among industrialized, Western countries, the U.S. rate of child poverty is:
Which variable is NOT a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting?
Which variable is NOT a strong predictor of poor-quality parenting?
In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to:
In regard to low-income parents and the effect of social support on parenting practices, social support appears to:
Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children.
Over the course of a given year in the United States, it is estimated that there are approximately _____ homeless children.
Compared with other children, homeless children are:
Compared with other children, homeless children are:
A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is:
A factor that does NOT decrease the negative effect of homelessness on children's adjustment is:
The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.
The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.
Recent research has demonstrated that, compared with children with siblings, 'onlies' in China have NOT been found to be:
Recent research has demonstrated that, compared with children with siblings, 'onlies' in China have NOT been found to be:
The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?
The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as:
The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as:
Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s?
Which characteristic of families in the United States is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s?
Regarding change in the rate of births to unmarried women, between 1990 and 2010, the rate:
Regarding change in the rate of births to unmarried women, between 1990 and 2010, the rate:
Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?
Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?
Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?
Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?
Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?
Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?
Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:
Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:
Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant?
Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behavior toward her new infant?
Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?
Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?
About _____% of all children in the United States live with a grandparent.
About _____% of all children in the United States live with a grandparent.
Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has:
Since 1970, the percentage of children who have grandparents as their primary caregivers has:
Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers?
Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers?
The percentage of women who had four or more children:
The percentage of women who had four or more children:
How many marriages can expect to end in divorce?
How many marriages can expect to end in divorce?
Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are:
Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of gay and lesbian parents are:
Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents?
Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of lesbian and gay parents?
Approximately what percentage of remarriages involving children in the United States end within 10 years?
Approximately what percentage of remarriages involving children in the United States end within 10 years?
The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on:
The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on:
Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:
Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:
Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?
Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?
Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?
Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?
Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?
Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?
Which statement is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?
Which statement is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?
Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?
Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?
The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents would NOT be due to:
The greater frequency of problem behaviors in children of divorced parents would NOT be due to:
Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?
Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?
Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?
Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?
In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?
In which group are youth's adjustment and problem behaviors MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?
Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?
Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?
Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?
Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?
Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce?
Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce?
Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.
Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.
Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems?
Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems?
Which factor improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage?
Which factor improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage?
Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE?
Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE?
On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren?
On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren?
Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother?
Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother?
Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family?
Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family?
Family dynamics refers to:
Family dynamics refers to:
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:
The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviors that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:
What would NOT be a way that parents socialize their children?
What would NOT be a way that parents socialize their children?
Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?
Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?
Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity?
Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity?
In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of:
In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of:
Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?
Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?
Authoritative parents are those who:
Authoritative parents are those who:
Authoritarian parents are those who:
Authoritarian parents are those who:
Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behavior, and self-confidence?
Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behavior, and self-confidence?
Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, 'I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage.' Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as:
Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, 'I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage.' Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as:
Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as:
Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behavior. Trina's parents would likely be classified as:
In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind does NOT include:
In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind does NOT include:
Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?
Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?
Study Notes
One-Child Policy and Its Effects
- China's one-child-per-family policy serves as a natural experiment for studying the developmental effects of being an only child.
- Research shows that only children in China are not overindulged compared to those with siblings.
- The policy reflects a connection between the macrosystem and microsystem in Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model.
Family Structure and Dynamics
- Family structure refers to the number and relationships of people living in a household.
- The percentage of children living with two married parents has decreased from the 1970s to the 2000s.
- The birth rate for unmarried women rose from 1990 to 2010 for all age groups, with a notable increase for those 20 and older.
Adolescent Parenthood
- School involvement can reduce the risk of childbearing during adolescence.
- Factors that increase the risk of adolescent pregnancy include having an uninvolved mother and friends who are sexually active.
- Adolescent mothers often provide lower levels of verbal stimulation to their children.
Parent and Child Relationships
- Older parents generally have more children, less stress, and greater financial resources than younger parents.
- Sensitive behavior towards infants is more likely in older mothers, especially those without other children.
- The majority of children in the U.S. live with grandparents due to various family structures.
Custody and Divorce
- Approximately one in two marriages end in divorce, with children from divorced parents experiencing higher rates of depression.
- Conflict surrounding divorce affects children's adjustment, with higher levels of involvement from noncustodial fathers improving outcomes.
- Most experts believe children of divorce face both short-term and long-term problems compared to those from intact homes.
Parenting Styles and Child Outcomes
- Authoritative parenting, characterized by warmth and high control, tends to produce the most well-adjusted children.
- Authoritarian parenting is marked by high demands and unresponsiveness, leading to lower social competence in children.
- Permissive parenting often results in children being happy but low in competence and self-regulation.
Socialization Techniques
- Parents socialize children through direct instruction, indirect socialization, and social management.
- Psychological control, such as discounting children's feelings, is often reported among authoritarian parents.
- The effectiveness of parental discipline relies on improving the child's behavior rather than merely stopping undesirable actions.
Stepparents and Remarriage
- Children may face challenges during their parents' remarriage, particularly if they are younger adolescents.
- Better integration of stepparents into families is linked to lack of hostility from noncustodial biological parents.
- Stepmothers tend to experience more difficulty in relationships with stepchildren than stepfathers.
General Insights
- About 15% of children in the U.S. live with a grandparent, a figure that has doubled since 1970.
- Children raised by grandparents can experience a range of emotional and behavioral issues.
- Economic factors also play a significant role in the overall well-being and stability of children across different family dynamics.### Behavior Management
- Effective discipline results in internalization of desired behavior, meaning the child accepts the behavior as their own.
- Internalization can be promoted through other-oriented induction, which emphasizes the effects of behavior on others.
- Other-oriented induction teaches both empathy for others and social competence.
Punishment and Discipline
- Punishment is defined as a negative stimulus that follows a behavior, reducing the likelihood of its recurrence.
- Types of punishment include spanking, love withdrawal, yelling, and disapproving looks; disapproving looks are considered less negative.
- Spanking is linked to negative behavioral outcomes and is not universally recommended as a disciplinary method.
Parenting Dynamics
- In typical Western families, mothers spend less time playing than fathers, with a distinct difference in types of play.
- Children can impact their parents' behaviors actively through their actions and behaviors, while appearance influences passively.
Sibling Relationships
- Differential treatment by parents affects sibling relationships, more problematic in early and middle childhood than during adolescence.
- Siblings with supportive parental relationships tend to have better interactions with each other.
- Higher levels of parental support increase overall sibling support and relationships.
Cultural Perspectives on Parenting
- Ethnic differences in parenting styles may stem from varying motives influenced by environmental factors.
- The impact of parenting styles varies by culture, with differing meanings attached to discipline and control.
Socioeconomic Influences on Parenting
- Higher-SES parents typically have more opportunities for quality time with children and view themselves as educators.
- Lower-SES parents may face increased stress, leading to less energy for complex parenting issues.
- Approximately 20% of children in the U.S. lived in poverty in 2016, the second highest rate among industrialized nations.
Child Homelessness
- An estimated 1.3 million children experience homelessness in the U.S. annually, facing increased risks for serious behavioral issues and withdrawal.
- Factors like strong parental relationships and involvement in education can mitigate the negative effects of homelessness, while running away exacerbates issues.
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Description
Enhance your understanding of childhood development with these flashcards focused on Chapter 12. This quiz examines the one-child policy in China and its impact on children's behavior and development compared to those with siblings. Test your knowledge and retention of key concepts from this chapter.
