Questions and Answers
What did Ivan Pavlov study?
Conditioned reflex
What is behaviorism?
A focus on directly observable behavior
Which of the following is associated with B.F. Skinner?
What concept did Abraham Maslow propose?
Signup and view all the answers
What did Carl Rogers emphasize in his therapeutic approach?
Signup and view all the answers
Noam Chomsky was influential in the behaviorism movement.
Signup and view all the answers
What does WEIRD stand for in psychology research?
Signup and view all the answers
Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the US?
Signup and view all the answers
What organization did G. Stanley Hall first preside over?
Signup and view all the answers
What does biopsychology study?
Signup and view all the answers
What does evolutionary psychology examine?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Behaviorism
- Ivan Pavlov explored conditioned reflexes, revealing how responses can be elicited through association rather than direct stimuli.
- Salivation in response to food illustrated how a neutral stimulus (e.g., a sound) could trigger a conditioned response when paired with an unconditioned stimulus.
- John B. Watson shifted psychology's focus from the mind to observable behavior, founding behaviorism, and emphasized learned behavior’s interplay with innate qualities.
- B.F. Skinner concentrated on behavior modification through consequences, introducing reinforcement and punishment as crucial components of learning.
- The Operant Conditioning Chamber (Skinner Box) allowed experimentation on behavioral responses by isolating subjects and measuring their reactions to rewards or punishments.
Maslow, Rogers, and Humanism
- Humanism emphasizes the inherent potential for goodness in all people, promoting personal growth and self-actualization.
- Abraham Maslow proposed a hierarchy of needs, where fulfillment of basic needs forms the foundation for pursuing higher-level needs, culminating in self-actualization.
- Carl Rogers developed client-centered therapy, allowing patients to take a lead role in their treatment, contrasting with traditional psychoanalytic approaches.
- Essential therapist attributes for effective client-centered therapy include unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy.
Cognitive Revolution
- The cognitive revolution marked a renewed interest in studying the mind scientifically, significantly influenced by Noam Chomsky’s ideas.
Multicultural and Cross-Country Psychology
- Certain populations, particularly WEIRD societies (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic), have been over-studied, leading to misapplication of findings to non-WEIRD societies.
- Cultural and environmental factors contribute to variations in human behavior, prompting multicultural psychology to develop theories that reflect diverse populations.
- Cross-cultural psychologists conduct comparative studies, focusing on differences between societies, such as comparing behavioral patterns in the US and China.
- Francis Cecil Sumner was the first African American to earn a PhD in psychology in the US, while Margaret Floy Washburn was the first woman to achieve this honor.
Contemporary Psychology
- The American Psychological Association (APA) encompasses 54 divisions and was initially presided over by G. Stanley Hall.
- The Association for Psychological Science (APS), founded in 1988, promotes a scientific approach to psychology.
Biopsychology and Evolutionary Psychology
- Biopsychology examines the impact of biological factors on behavior, covering topics like sensory systems, sleep patterns, and substance use.
- Evolutionary psychology investigates the biological roots of behavior, asserting that behaviors must have a genetic basis to be influenced by natural selection.
- Limitations exist in studies of adaptive behavior, particularly when distinguishing genetic influences from cultural factors.
Sensation and Perception
- Research focuses on understanding the physiological aspects of sensation and how they interact with cognitive processes to inform perception.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Explore the concepts of behaviorism through the foundational work of Ivan Pavlov, John Watson, and B.F. Skinner. This quiz focuses on Pavlov's studies on conditioned reflexes and their implications for learning behaviors. Test your understanding of how stimuli can shape responses in both animals and humans.
