Psychology Chapter 10 Part 2

Motivation and Needs

• The Yerkes-Dodson law indicates optimal arousal levels vary: high for simple tasks, low for complex tasks.
• Maslow's hierarchy of needs progresses from biological needs to social needs, culminating in self-actualization.
• Motivation drives behavior toward achieving goals.
• Intrinsic motivation refers to actions taken for personal satisfaction rather than external rewards.
• The overjustification effect occurs when intrinsic interest decreases due to external incentives, such as monetary rewards for tasks once enjoyed.
• Homeostasis is the body's regulatory process to maintain a stable internal environment.
• Instinctive behavior can be exemplified by an infant's rooting reflex for feeding.

Psychological Theories and Concepts

• Arousal theory suggests that a state of boredom leads individuals to seek excitement, while over-excitement prompts a desire for calm.
• Physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy include essentials like food, water, and shelter.
• Extrinsically motivated behavior occurs when actions are driven by external rewards, such as earning an hourly fee for babysitting.

Eating Disorders

• Habits are behaviors repeated regularly without conscious intention, such as nail-biting in stressful situations.
• Self-efficacy reflects one's belief in their ability to succeed, such as completing law school.
• Esteem needs in Maslow's hierarchy encompass self-worth and confidence.
• The need for affiliation drives social interactions, such as joining clubs or making friends.
• Achievement motivation pushes individuals, like pursuing additional degrees for personal fulfillment and accolades.

Human Eating and Weight

• Anorexia nervosa involves severe restriction of food intake combined with a distorted body image.
• Bulimia nervosa consists of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.
• Set point theory posits that individuals maintain a specific body weight that resists change.
• Prader-Willi syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by intense hunger and metabolic issues.
• Body mass index (BMI) classifications indicate obesity levels, with a BMI over 40 signifying morbid obesity.
• Physiological mechanisms, like hunger pangs, signal the brain to initiate feeding behavior.

Hormones and Appetite Regulation

• Leptin is a hormone that induces feelings of fullness, regulating food intake.
• Binge eating disorder is identified by episodes of overeating without purging behaviors present in bulimia.

Sexual Behavior and Motivation

• Bariatric surgery alters gastrointestinal function for weight loss management.
• The limbic system, particularly the nucleus accumbens and amygdala, plays a crucial role in sexual motivation.
• Alfred Kinsey's research on American sexual behavior opened discussions on previously taboo topics.
• Scientific consensus indicates that sexual orientation is innate rather than a choice.
• Magda Arnold pioneered the notion that cognitive appraisal influences emotional responses.

Emotion, Mood, and Theories

• The basolateral complex is vital for classical conditioning and emotional memory association.
• Schachter-Singer's two-factor theory of emotion involves physiological arousal and cognitive evaluation.
• Emotions are short-lived, intense feelings, while moods are prolonged emotional states that arise without specific triggers.
• The James-Lange theory states physiological responses precede emotional experiences.
• The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that physical expressions, like smiling, can influence emotional experiences.

Test your knowledge with these flashcards on concepts from Psychology Chapter 10. This quiz covers important theories such as the Yerkes-Dodson law and the hierarchy of needs. Perfect for reinforcing key psychological principles.