Psychology Chapter 1 Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What does a psychologist with a biological perspective study?

How human behavior is influenced by brain chemistry.

Match the brain regions: Motor cortex and Somatosensory cortex.

Motor cortex = Frontal lobe Somatosensory cortex = Parietal lobe

What percentage of the body's oxygen does the brain consume?

25%

In a positive relationship, as values of variable X increase, values of variable Y also increase.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a double-blind procedure involve?

<p>Testing the effectiveness of two different drugs without knowledge of which drug is which.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An agonist decreases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the long, singular fiber leaving the cell body called?

<p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sociocultural and behavioral perspectives explain behavior by focusing on internal causal factors.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Dr. Green investigating in his case study?

<p>Reasons for violent crimes in a small Southern town.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Naturalistic observation and participatory observation are the same.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Approximately how many nerve cells are estimated to be in the human brain?

<p>100 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson's disease.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would a psychologist using the sociocultural perspective study?

<p>Cultural factors affecting behavior and attitudes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Black widow spider venom is antagonistic to ACh.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines psychology in its current usage?

<p>The science of mental and behavioral processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of techniques do researchers use for cause-effect relationships?

<p>Experimental techniques.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the brain structures to their functions: Hypothalamus and Hippocampus.

<p>Hypothalamus = Sex Hippocampus = Memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

FMRIs are less invasive and produce sharper images than PET scans.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of positive reinforcement in sales?

<p>Carrie is paid commission for every 10 boxes she sells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tolman's research on maze running in rats demonstrated instinctual learning.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning is often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is negative reinforcement?

<p>It increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Juan's fear of all dogs illustrate in classical conditioning?

<p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what does UCR stand for and what does it relate to?

<p>Unconditioned response, relating to salivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of 'reflex' in classical conditioning?

<p>Jumping in response to the pop of a firecracker.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Positive punishment decreases disobedience by providing a reward.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Watson's study, what was the conditioned stimulus (CS)?

<p>The white rat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is spontaneous recovery?

<p>The partial recovery of a previously extinguished conditioned response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of reinforcers: Primary and secondary reinforcers.

<p>Primary reinforcers = Food and water Secondary reinforcers = Money and praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not belong with the rest? (Select all that apply)

<p>Instinctual drift</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Yerkes-Dodson law related to?

<p>Arousal theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Pavlov discover while studying dogs?

<p>Classical conditioning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientists have concluded that media violence influences all age groups equally.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of a secondary reinforcer?

<p>Getting a gold star for good work.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Little Albert study, what was the unconditioned stimulus (UCS)?

<p>The loud noise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the theories of motivation: Drive-reduction theory and incentive theory.

<p>Drive-reduction theory = Push Incentive theory = Pull</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method is Frank using to train his dog Sigmund?

<p>Shaping method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of reinforcement schedule is demonstrated when Carrie earns commission for every 10 boxes she sells?

<p>Fixed-ratio schedule</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, what does generalization refer to?

<p>A conditioned response occurring to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between negative reinforcement and behavior?

<p>Increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon is demonstrated when a previously extinguished conditioned response suddenly reappears?

<p>Spontaneous recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects a fundamental concept in arousal theory?

<p>High levels of arousal decrease performance in complex tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly identifies an example of classical conditioning?

<p>Salivating at the smell of food after learning to associate it with mealtime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the agonist in relation to neurotransmitters?

<p>It increases the activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes participatory observation from naturalistic observation?

<p>Participatory observers become part of the group being studied.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'latent learning' imply in Tolman's research on maze-running?

<p>Knowledge that is not immediately demonstrated through behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are FMRIs preferred over PET scans in brain imaging?

<p>They are less invasive and produce sharper images.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research technique is best for establishing cause-effect relationships?

<p>Experimental techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does dopamine play in Parkinson's disease?

<p>Low levels of dopamine are associated with the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario would a psychologist be most likely to employ a sociocultural perspective?

<p>Understanding cultural impact on criminal behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many neurons are estimated to be in the human brain?

<p>Approximately 100 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle correctly describes a positive relationship between two variables?

<p>As one variable increases, the other variable also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Dr. Green's case study?

<p>Exploring reasons behind violent crime rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes an agonist from an antagonist in terms of neurotransmitter activity?

<p>An agonist mimics neurotransmitters, while an antagonist blocks their effects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which brain structure is most directly associated with processing sensory information?

<p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a positive relationship between two variables, what is expected to occur?

<p>As one variable increases, the other variable also increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of psychologists using a biological perspective?

<p>Investigate how brain chemistry affects human behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key role does a double-blind procedure play in psychological research?

<p>It ensures that both experimenters and participants are unaware of critical information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observation specifically involves researchers integrating into the group being studied?

<p>Participatory observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the long singular fiber leaving a neuron primarily do?

<p>Transmit signals to other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of behavior does the sociocultural perspective primarily examine?

<p>The effects of social and cultural factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the association between low levels of dopamine and certain conditions?

<p>They are associated with Parkinson's disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is specifically known for its role in regulating anxiety?

<p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of communication occurs between neurons?

<p>Chemical</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does latent learning primarily demonstrate in Tolman's research?

<p>Learning can happen without reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

In classical conditioning, which of these is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

<p>Praise</p> Signup and view all the answers

What relationship does the Yerkes-Dodson law explore?

<p>Arousal levels and performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of classical conditioning?

<p>It pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept explains why Juan fears all dogs after being bitten?

<p>Generalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiments, what does UCS stand for?

<p>Unconditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the process that increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus?

<p>Negative reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Watson's classic study, what role did the white rat serve?

<p>Conditioned stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning?

<p>The conditioned response is temporarily reintroduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology: Biological Perspective

  • Psychologists with a biological perspective are interested in how brain chemistry influences human behavior.

The Brain and its Parts

  • The brain consumes approximately 25% of the body's oxygen.
  • The motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe, while the somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe.
  • The human brain is estimated to have about 100 billion nerve cells (neurons).
  • The hypothalamus is associated with sex, while the hippocampus is associated with memory.

Neurotransmitters

  • Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson’s disease.
  • An agonist increases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters, while an antagonist decreases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters.
  • Black widow spider venom is agonistic to ACh, similar to how an antianxiety drug is agonistic to GABA.
  • Communication within neurons is electrical, while communication between neurons is chemical.

Research Methods

  • Researchers use experimental techniques to determine cause-effect relationships.
  • Correlational techniques are used to predict events.
  • Double-blind procedures are used to test the effectiveness of treatments, where neither the experimenter nor the participants know which treatment is being used.
  • FMRIs are preferred over PET scans as they are less invasive and produce sharper images.

The Sociocultural Perspective

  • Focuses on external factors that shape behavior.
  • A psychologist using the sociocultural perspective would be interested in why Canadians have a significantly lower level of per capita murders than Americans despite having a similar number of guns per capita.

Psychology Defined

  • Psychology is the science of mental and behavioral processes.

Other Perspectives

  • The cognitive perspective focuses on how we think and reason.

Positive and Negative Relationships

  • A positive relationship occurs when the values of variable X (e.g., income) increase, and values of variable Y (e.g., education level) also increase.

The Axon

  • The axon is the long, singular fiber that leaves the cell body of a neuron.

Case Studies

  • A case study involves an in-depth investigation of a specific case, like Dr. Green’s investigation of a small Southern town with a high violent crime rate.

Naturalistic and Participatory Observation

  • Naturalistic observation involves observing behavior in its natural environment.
  • Participatory observation involves the observer becoming part of the group being studied.

Learning and Motivation

Learning:

  • Classical conditioning is often referred to as Pavlovian conditioning.
  • Classical conditioning involves associating events, while cognitive psychology focuses on encoding events.
  • Tolman's research on maze running in rats demonstrates latent learning, which is learning that occurs but is not demonstrated until there is an incentive to do so.
  • An example of a reflex in classical conditioning is jumping in response to the pop of a firecracker.
  • Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning while studying digestive processes in dogs.

Conditioning Terms:

  • Unconditioned Response (UCR): An automatic response, such as salivation to food.
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that automatically triggers a response, such as food.
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A previously neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a response after being paired with the UCS.
  • Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to the conditioned stimulus, like salivation to a bell.
  • Generalization: When a conditioned response occurs to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus, such as Juan´s fear of all dogs after being bitten by a German Shepherd.
  • Extinction: The weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Spontaneous Recovery: The reappearance of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Reinforcement:

  • Positive Reinforcement: Occurs when a behavior is followed by a rewarding stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.
  • Negative Reinforcement: Occurs when a behavior is followed by the removal of an aversive stimulus, increasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.
  • Positive Punishment: Occurs when a behavior is followed by an aversive stimulus, decreasing the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future.
  • Fixed-Ratio Schedule: A schedule of reinforcement where a reward is given after a specific number of responses.
  • Secondary Reinforcers: Stimuli that are associated with primary reinforcers, such as money or praise. Primary reinforcers are basic needs like food and water.

Other Important Concepts:

  • Modeling: Learning by observing and imitating others.
  • Instinctual Drift: The tendency for an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors even after being trained to perform a specific task.

Aggression and Violence:

  • Research on media violence suggests that young children and adolescents are more susceptible to the effects of media violence than other age groups.
  • Exposure to media violence increases the likelihood of violent behavior both immediately and over the long run.

Yerkes-Dodson Law

The Yerkes-Dodson Law is related to arousal theory, stating that performance increases with arousal up to a certain point, after which performance deteriorates.

Psychology Perspectives

  • Biological perspective explores how human behavior is influenced by brain chemistry.
  • Sociocultural and behavioral perspectives explain behavior through external causal factors.

Brain Anatomy & Function

  • Motor cortex is located in the frontal lobe and is responsible for voluntary movement.
  • Somatosensory cortex is located in the parietal lobe and processes sensory information.
  • The brain consumes approximately 25% of the body's oxygen.
  • The hypothalamus is associated with regulating sex drive and other motivated behaviors.
  • The hippocampus is crucial for memory.

Research Methods

  • Positive relationship in correlation: As values of variable X increase, values of variable Y also increase.
  • Double-blind procedure: Neither the experimenter nor the participants know which treatment group they are in.
  • Case study: In-depth investigation of a small group or individual.
  • Naturalistic observation: Observing behavior in its natural setting.
  • Participatory observation: Researchers become part of the group being studied.
  • Experimental techniques determine cause-effect relationships.
  • Correlational techniques predict events.

Nervous System

  • The human brain has approximately 100 billion neurons.
  • The axon is a long, singular fiber extending from the cell body, responsible for transmitting signals.
  • Communication within neurons is electrical, and between neurons is chemical.

Neurotransmitters

  • Low levels of dopamine are associated with Parkinson's disease.
  • Agonists increase neurotransmitter activity; antagonists decrease neurotransmitter activity.
  • Black widow spider venom acts as an agonist for acetylcholine (ACh).
  • Antianxiety drugs act as agonists for GABA.

Learning

  • Latent learning: Learning that occurs without immediate reinforcement and is not displayed until there is a motivation to do so.
  • Classical conditioning: A learning process where a neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to elicit a conditioned response (CR).
  • Operant conditioning: A learning process where behavior is modified by its consequences.
  • Positive reinforcement: Increases behavior by presenting a rewarding stimulus.
  • Negative reinforcement: Increases behavior by removing an aversive stimulus.
  • Positive punishment: Decreases behavior by presenting an aversive stimulus.
  • Generalization: Responding to stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus.
  • Extinction: The gradual decrease in the conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus.
  • Spontaneous recovery: The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response.
  • Fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement: Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses.
  • Yerkes-Dodson Law: Performance is best at moderate levels of arousal.

Cognitive Psychology

  • Cognitive psychologists focus on how we encode events, while behavioral psychologists focus on associating events.

Motivation

  • Primary reinforcers: Innately rewarding stimuli (food, water).
  • Secondary reinforcers: Learned rewards associated with primary reinforcers (money, praise).

Social Learning Theory

  • Albert Bandura's research on modeling and observational learning, particularly the Bobo doll experiment.

Media Violence

  • Exposure to media violence can increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior, particularly for young children and adolescents.

Important Figures

  • Pavlov: Discovered classical conditioning while studying digestion in dogs.
  • Watson: Conducted the Little Albert experiment, demonstrating classical conditioning of fear.
  • Tolman: Demonstrated latent learning through his research on rats in mazes.

Brain Imaging Techniques

  • fMRI: Less invasive, produces sharper images than PET scans.

Key Terms

  • Reflex: An automatic, unlearned response to a stimulus.
  • Stimulus: Any event or situation that evokes a response.
  • Response: A reaction to a stimulus.

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Description

Test your knowledge with this quiz focusing on the biological and sociocultural perspectives in psychology. Questions cover topics such as brain structure, neurotransmitters, and research methods. Perfect for students beginning their journey in psychology!

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