Questions and Answers
When was psychology accepted as an academic discipline?
What is a PsyD?
Regarding training to work in the field of psychology, which of the following statements is least true?
Who was the first person referred to as a psychologist?
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Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.
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William James was the ________.
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Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist?
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Behaviorists study ________.
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Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
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Mark spends some time each day applying the principles of structuralism to examine his own conscious experience as carefully as possible. Mark is engaged in ________.
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Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and ________.
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Dr. Adams noticed that one of her students addresses her with the word mother instead of the word professor or doctor. Dr. Adams applies the principles of ________, and hypothesizes the student misspeaks because he is unconsciously associating her with his mother.
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I provide Ralph with the positive reinforcement of a candy bar when he does something I like. I punish him by squirting him with a squirt gun when he does something I don't like. I am applying the principles of ________ in an attempt to modify Ralph's behavior.
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The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________.
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If you show an adult a toy, and then hide it behind a curtain, the adult knows that the toy still exists. However, infants act as if a hidden object no longer exists. What does this exemplify?
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Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify?
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Edmund wants to identify relatively consistent patterns of thought and behavior, measure these traits, and determine how these traits interact in a particular context to determine how a person will behave in any given situation. Edmund wants to conduct research in the area of ___.
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When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ________ trait.
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The client-centered perspective reflects the views of humanistic psychologists, such as _______ and _______, who emphasized the importance of subjective conscious experience and personal freedom and responsibility.
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Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________.
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What is the number one occupation employing graduates with a B.A. in psychology?
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Which theorist had the most influence in shaping how clinicians interact with people seeking psychotherapy?
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A school psychologist would be most likely to
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What do structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Sigmund Freud all have in common?
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Which term best captures the meaning of the word 'gestalt'?
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Which of the following best describes a criticism of structuralism?
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Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables?
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Which of the following statements is least true?
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A dependent variable is
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According to the biopsychosocial model, what determines health?
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Which of the following is a criticism of evolutionary psychology?
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Study Notes
Psychology as an Academic Discipline
- Psychology gained formal recognition as an academic field in the 1800s.
- The Doctor of Psychology (PsyD) emphasizes practical skills over research.
Training in Psychology
- A Ph.D. focuses more on research skills compared to a PsyD.
- A Doctorate in Education (Ed.D.) is typical for those pursuing educational psychology.
- A bachelor's degree serves as an entry-level qualification in specific areas like school psychology.
Historical Figures and Concepts
- Wilhelm Wundt is recognized as the first psychologist.
- Introspection involves examining one’s own conscious experience, emphasizing personal awareness.
- William James, known as the first American psychologist, authored the first psychology textbook.
Behaviorism and Cognitive Psychology
- John Watson is a key figure in behaviorism, focusing on observable behavior and learned behaviors.
- The cognitive revolution shifted focus to understanding mental processes underlying behavior.
- Object permanence is recognized in child development, demonstrating a child’s understanding that hidden objects still exist.
Developmental and Personality Psychology
- Jean Piaget’s work is foundational in developmental psychology, focusing on cognitive growth stages.
- Research in personality evaluates consistent thought and behavior patterns, impacting individual reactions.
Therapy and Humanistic Psychology
- Humanistic psychology, influenced by Rogers and Maslow, stresses subjective experiences and personal agency.
- Client-centered therapy emphasizes the therapeutic relationship.
Structuralism, Gestalt Psychology, and Critiques
- Structuralism, Gestalt psychology, and Freudian theory share a focus on understanding internal experiences.
- Structuralism faces criticism for being subjective, as it relies heavily on introspective methods.
Correlation and Scientific Methodology
- Strongest correlation between two variables is indicated by coefficient -0.90.
- Correlations are often misinterpreted; they do not imply causation.
- Dependent variables are measured in studies, as opposed to being manipulated.
Biopsychosocial Model and Health
- Health is determined by the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors, according to the biopsychosocial model.
- Evolutionary psychology is critiqued for neglecting non-genetic influences on behavior.
Occupation Statistics
- Graduates with a B.A. in psychology most frequently find employment in mid- and top-level management positions.
Key Terms
- Gestalt refers to the whole, emphasizing comprehensive understanding over isolated components.
- Object permanence is an essential developmental milestone, illustrating cognitive awareness in infants.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fundamental concepts of psychology with these flashcards. This quiz covers key historical milestones and definitions relevant to the field. Perfect for students preparing for their psychology exams!
