Psychology Chapter 1 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Who was Wilhelm Wundt?

A German scientist referred to as the first psychologist and one of the founders of psychology.

When was 'Principles of Physiological Psychology' by Wilhelm Wundt published?

1873

What is an empirical method?

A method of acquiring knowledge based on observation and experimentation.

What does 'psyche' mean?

Soul Signup and view all the answers

What does psychology refer to?

The scientific study of the mind. Signup and view all the answers

What is introspection?

A process of examining one's own conscious experience objectively. Signup and view all the answers

What were the experimental requirements put in place to eliminate interpretation in internal experiences?

<ol> <li>Use of trained observers; 2) Use of repeatable stimuli.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is structuralism?

A movement aimed at understanding the structure of the mind. Signup and view all the answers

Who was William James?

The first American psychologist with a different perspective on psychology's operation. Signup and view all the answers

What is functionalism?

The study focused on how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sigmund Freud?

An Austrian neurologist fascinated by hysteria, theorizing about the unconscious mind. Signup and view all the answers

What is hysteria?

An ancient diagnosis for disorders primarily affecting women with various non-physical symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

What is psychoanalytic theory?

Focuses on the role of the unconscious and early childhood experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Drew Westen?

A psychologist who argued against criticisms of Freud's ideas. Signup and view all the answers

Who were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler?

Three German psychologists who introduced Gestalt principles to the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Gestalt' mean?

Whole Signup and view all the answers

Who was Ivan Pavlov?

A Russian physiologist known for studying conditioned reflexes. Signup and view all the answers

Who was John B. Watson?

An influential American psychologist who shifted the focus from the mind to behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is behaviorism?

The study of observing and controlling behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Who was B.F. Skinner?

An American psychologist who studied behavior affected by consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is humanism?

A perspective that emphasizes the innate potential for good in all humans. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Abraham Maslow?

An American psychologist known for proposing a hierarchy of human needs. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Carl Rogers?

An American psychologist who emphasized unconditional positive regard in therapy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the American Psychological Association?

A professional organization representing psychologists in the U.S. Signup and view all the answers

What is biopsychology?

The study of how biology influences behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A perspective asserting that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to affect health. Signup and view all the answers

What is clinical psychology?

An area that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive psychology?

The study of thoughts and their relationship to experiences and actions. Signup and view all the answers

What is counseling psychology?

An area focused on improving aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals. Signup and view all the answers

What is developmental psychology?

The scientific study of development across the lifespan. Signup and view all the answers

What is a dissertation?

A long research paper conducted as part of doctoral training. Signup and view all the answers

What is forensic psychology?

An area applying psychology to issues within the justice system. Signup and view all the answers

What is personality psychology?

The study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make individuals unique. Signup and view all the answers

What is a personality trait?

A consistent pattern of thought and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a PhD?

A doctoral degree conferred in many disciplinary perspectives. Signup and view all the answers

What is a postdoctoral training program?

A program allowing young scientists to develop their research under supervision. Signup and view all the answers

What is sport and exercise psychology?

An area focusing on mental and emotional factors in physical performance. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Chomsky?

An American linguist who criticized behaviorism's influence in psychology. Signup and view all the answers

What do educational psychologists specialize in?

The study of teaching and learning. Signup and view all the answers

What do social psychologists investigate?

How people think, feel, and behave in social settings. Signup and view all the answers

What do industrial/organizational psychologists study?

The relationship between people and their work environment. Signup and view all the answers

What does sociocultural perspective emphasize?

Social and cultural influences on human behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What does the psychodynamic perspective emphasize?

The role of unconscious motivation and early experiences in behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Who is Sigmund Freud the founder of?

Psychoanalysis Signup and view all the answers

Who was Margaret Washburn?

The first American woman to earn an official Ph.D. in psychology. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Edward Titchener?

A student of Wundt who brought structuralism to America. Signup and view all the answers

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.

Wilhelm Wundt, Sigmund Freud, Noam Chomsky Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does not influence perception?

Gestalt Signup and view all the answers

Dr. Bogdarian applies the Principles of _________, hypothesizing the misspeaks due to unconscious associations.

Psychoanalytic theory Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?

hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.

study the function of behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following refers to a broad explanation supported by evidence over time?

scientific theory Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorists all focus on _______.

physiological responses that result in action Signup and view all the answers

When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ___________ trait.

Conscientiousness Signup and view all the answers

Oona should focus on the area ________ psychology.

industrial-organizational Signup and view all the answers

_______ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate in all humans.

humanism Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psychology Foundations

Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): First psychologist and established the first laboratory for psychological research; published "Principles of Physiological Psychology" in 1873.
Empirical method: Knowledge acquisition based on observation and experimentation.
"Psyche" translates to "soul"; psychology means the scientific study of the mind.
Introspection: Self-examination of conscious experience, aiming for objective reporting.

Key Psychological Theories

Structuralism: Focuses on understanding the mind’s structure and characteristics.
Functionalism: Emphasizes mental activities' role in helping organisms adapt to their environment.

Influential Psychologists

William James (1842-1910): First American psychologist advocating a functionalist perspective.
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austrian neurologist studying hysteria; theorized the unconscious mind's impact on behavior.
Hysteria: Historically referred to diverse symptoms, mainly in women, without a known physical cause.
Drew Westen (1998): Critiqued the criticisms of Freud, emphasizing his later works.

Gestalt Psychology

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler: Pioneers of Gestalt psychology in the U.S.; introduced principles focusing on viewing experiences as wholes rather than isolated parts.

Behaviorism

Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936): Researched conditioned reflexes; known for the salivation response in dogs (Pavlov's dog).
John B. Watson (1878-1958): Promoted behaviorism's focus on observable behavior; rejected the study of consciousness.
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): Studied behavior consequences, establishing concepts of reinforcement and punishment.

Contemporary Psychological Perspectives

Humanism: Highlights the innate potential for good in humans; Abraham Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs.
Carl Rogers: Emphasized therapist characteristics—unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy—for effective therapy.

Branches of Psychology

Clinical psychology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
Cognitive psychology: Studies thoughts (cognitions) and their relationship to behavior.
Counseling psychology: Aims to enhance emotional and social aspects of well-adjusted individuals.
Developmental psychology: Investigates human development across the lifespan.
Forensic psychology: Applies psychological science to the justice system.

Research and Training

Dissertation: A comprehensive research paper required for doctoral candidates.
Postdoctoral training: Allows early-career scientists to further develop research skills under mentorship.
PhD vs. PsyD: PhD emphasizes research; PsyD focuses on clinical applications.

Specialized Fields

Sports and exercise psychology: Examines the link between mental processes and physical performance.
Educational psychology: Researches teaching and learning processes; assists in curriculum development and diagnosing learning issues.
Social psychology: Explores individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors within various social contexts.
Industrial/Organizational psychology: Studies workplace dynamics and suggests improvements for productivity and employee well-being.

Psychological Perspectives

Sociocultural: Investigates social and cultural influences on behavior.
Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences affecting behavior.

Contributions of Female Psychologists

Margaret Washburn (1871-1939): First American woman to earn a PhD in psychology under Titchener’s mentorship.
Edward Titchener (1867-1927): Wundt’s student who introduced structuralism to America; welcomed women into his programs.

Historical Sequence

Early theorists: The timeline includes Wilhelm Wundt, followed by Sigmund Freud, and later Noam Chomsky, reflecting the evolution of psychological thought.

Concepts in Psychology

Scientific theory: A well-supported explanation for natural phenomena.
Personality traits: Consistent patterns of thoughts and behaviors; conscientiousness refers to being hardworking and organized.
Psychoanalytic theory: Emphasizes unconscious influences on conscious behavior; Freud is recognized as its founder.

Overall

Psychology is a diverse field, highlighting the interplay between various factors influencing human behavior, from biological to social contexts.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts introduced in Chapter 1 of psychology. This quiz focuses on key figures like Wilhelm Wundt and the methods of psychological research. Ideal for students looking to solidify their understanding of early psychology.