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Questions and Answers
Who was Wilhelm Wundt?
A German scientist referred to as the first psychologist and one of the founders of psychology.
When was 'Principles of Physiological Psychology' by Wilhelm Wundt published?
1873
What is an empirical method?
A method of acquiring knowledge based on observation and experimentation.
What does 'psyche' mean?
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What does psychology refer to?
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What is introspection?
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What were the experimental requirements put in place to eliminate interpretation in internal experiences?
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What is structuralism?
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Who was William James?
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What is functionalism?
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Who was Sigmund Freud?
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What is hysteria?
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What is psychoanalytic theory?
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Who was Drew Westen?
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Who were Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler?
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What does 'Gestalt' mean?
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Who was Ivan Pavlov?
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Who was John B. Watson?
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What is behaviorism?
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Who was B.F. Skinner?
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What is humanism?
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Who was Abraham Maslow?
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Who was Carl Rogers?
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What is the American Psychological Association?
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What is biopsychology?
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What is the biopsychosocial model?
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What is clinical psychology?
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What is cognitive psychology?
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What is counseling psychology?
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What is developmental psychology?
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What is a dissertation?
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What is forensic psychology?
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What is personality psychology?
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What is a personality trait?
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What is a PhD?
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What is a postdoctoral training program?
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What is sport and exercise psychology?
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Who is Chomsky?
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What do educational psychologists specialize in?
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What do social psychologists investigate?
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What do industrial/organizational psychologists study?
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What does sociocultural perspective emphasize?
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What does the psychodynamic perspective emphasize?
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Who is Sigmund Freud the founder of?
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Who was Margaret Washburn?
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Who was Edward Titchener?
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Select the correctly ordered list of psychological theorists, with the earliest theorist listed first.
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Which of the following does not influence perception?
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Dr. Bogdarian applies the Principles of _________, hypothesizing the misspeaks due to unconscious associations.
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Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first?
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According to William James, the purpose of psychology was to ________.
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Which of the following refers to a broad explanation supported by evidence over time?
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Behaviorists all focus on _______.
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When studying personality traits, someone who is hardworking, dependable, and organized will score high on the ___________ trait.
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Oona should focus on the area ________ psychology.
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_______ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate in all humans.
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Study Notes
Psychology Foundations
- Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920): First psychologist and established the first laboratory for psychological research; published "Principles of Physiological Psychology" in 1873.
- Empirical method: Knowledge acquisition based on observation and experimentation.
- "Psyche" translates to "soul"; psychology means the scientific study of the mind.
- Introspection: Self-examination of conscious experience, aiming for objective reporting.
Key Psychological Theories
- Structuralism: Focuses on understanding the mind’s structure and characteristics.
- Functionalism: Emphasizes mental activities' role in helping organisms adapt to their environment.
Influential Psychologists
- William James (1842-1910): First American psychologist advocating a functionalist perspective.
- Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austrian neurologist studying hysteria; theorized the unconscious mind's impact on behavior.
- Hysteria: Historically referred to diverse symptoms, mainly in women, without a known physical cause.
- Drew Westen (1998): Critiqued the criticisms of Freud, emphasizing his later works.
Gestalt Psychology
- Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, Wolfgang Köhler: Pioneers of Gestalt psychology in the U.S.; introduced principles focusing on viewing experiences as wholes rather than isolated parts.
Behaviorism
- Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936): Researched conditioned reflexes; known for the salivation response in dogs (Pavlov's dog).
- John B. Watson (1878-1958): Promoted behaviorism's focus on observable behavior; rejected the study of consciousness.
- B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): Studied behavior consequences, establishing concepts of reinforcement and punishment.
Contemporary Psychological Perspectives
- Humanism: Highlights the innate potential for good in humans; Abraham Maslow introduced a hierarchy of needs.
- Carl Rogers: Emphasized therapist characteristics—unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy—for effective therapy.
Branches of Psychology
- Clinical psychology: Focuses on diagnosing and treating psychological disorders.
- Cognitive psychology: Studies thoughts (cognitions) and their relationship to behavior.
- Counseling psychology: Aims to enhance emotional and social aspects of well-adjusted individuals.
- Developmental psychology: Investigates human development across the lifespan.
- Forensic psychology: Applies psychological science to the justice system.
Research and Training
- Dissertation: A comprehensive research paper required for doctoral candidates.
- Postdoctoral training: Allows early-career scientists to further develop research skills under mentorship.
- PhD vs. PsyD: PhD emphasizes research; PsyD focuses on clinical applications.
Specialized Fields
- Sports and exercise psychology: Examines the link between mental processes and physical performance.
- Educational psychology: Researches teaching and learning processes; assists in curriculum development and diagnosing learning issues.
- Social psychology: Explores individuals' thoughts, feelings, and behaviors within various social contexts.
- Industrial/Organizational psychology: Studies workplace dynamics and suggests improvements for productivity and employee well-being.
Psychological Perspectives
- Sociocultural: Investigates social and cultural influences on behavior.
- Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious motivations and childhood experiences affecting behavior.
Contributions of Female Psychologists
- Margaret Washburn (1871-1939): First American woman to earn a PhD in psychology under Titchener’s mentorship.
- Edward Titchener (1867-1927): Wundt’s student who introduced structuralism to America; welcomed women into his programs.
Historical Sequence
- Early theorists: The timeline includes Wilhelm Wundt, followed by Sigmund Freud, and later Noam Chomsky, reflecting the evolution of psychological thought.
Concepts in Psychology
- Scientific theory: A well-supported explanation for natural phenomena.
- Personality traits: Consistent patterns of thoughts and behaviors; conscientiousness refers to being hardworking and organized.
- Psychoanalytic theory: Emphasizes unconscious influences on conscious behavior; Freud is recognized as its founder.
Overall
- Psychology is a diverse field, highlighting the interplay between various factors influencing human behavior, from biological to social contexts.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the foundational concepts introduced in Chapter 1 of psychology. This quiz focuses on key figures like Wilhelm Wundt and the methods of psychological research. Ideal for students looking to solidify their understanding of early psychology.