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Questions and Answers
What effect does the head movement have on the likelihood of agreeing with arguments?
What effect does the head movement have on the likelihood of agreeing with arguments?
Which component is NOT part of the three-component view of attitudes?
Which component is NOT part of the three-component view of attitudes?
What type of attitudes did the participants exhibit in the study concerning feminists?
What type of attitudes did the participants exhibit in the study concerning feminists?
What was the primary focus of MacDonald & Zanna's (1998) study regarding feminists?
What was the primary focus of MacDonald & Zanna's (1998) study regarding feminists?
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Which statement reflects the self-validation analysis presented by Briñol & Petty (2003)?
Which statement reflects the self-validation analysis presented by Briñol & Petty (2003)?
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What is the primary focus of Katz's ego defense theory?
What is the primary focus of Katz's ego defense theory?
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Which of the following is NOT a direct measure of attitudes?
Which of the following is NOT a direct measure of attitudes?
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What distinguishes Guttman's scale from other attitude measurement methods?
What distinguishes Guttman's scale from other attitude measurement methods?
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Which statement is true regarding Katz's instrumental and expressive values?
Which statement is true regarding Katz's instrumental and expressive values?
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What is the purpose of the Thurstone scale in measuring attitudes?
What is the purpose of the Thurstone scale in measuring attitudes?
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Which of these objects is associated with different functions according to Shavitt?
Which of these objects is associated with different functions according to Shavitt?
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What method utilizes judges to categorize statements by intensity?
What method utilizes judges to categorize statements by intensity?
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How does the Guttman scale measure attitudes?
How does the Guttman scale measure attitudes?
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What is one definition of attitudes as described in the content?
What is one definition of attitudes as described in the content?
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Which of the following components is NOT typically associated with the structure of attitudes?
Which of the following components is NOT typically associated with the structure of attitudes?
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According to the content, negative stereotypes are a robust predictor of what type of attitudes?
According to the content, negative stereotypes are a robust predictor of what type of attitudes?
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In terms of attitude components, what does the 'cognitive' aspect mainly reflect?
In terms of attitude components, what does the 'cognitive' aspect mainly reflect?
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How can attitudes be formed based on the provided content?
How can attitudes be formed based on the provided content?
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What is one of the functions of attitudes as identified in the content?
What is one of the functions of attitudes as identified in the content?
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Which author proposed that attitudes are object-evaluation associations stored in long-term memory?
Which author proposed that attitudes are object-evaluation associations stored in long-term memory?
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What method did research suggest for evaluating unfamiliar people?
What method did research suggest for evaluating unfamiliar people?
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What do implicit attitudes predict better in socially sensitive domains?
What do implicit attitudes predict better in socially sensitive domains?
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Which theory explains that attitudes are learned through socialization?
Which theory explains that attitudes are learned through socialization?
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What effect suggests that repeated exposure to an object increases attraction to it?
What effect suggests that repeated exposure to an object increases attraction to it?
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What kind of conditioning involves repeated association of a neutral stimulus with another stimulus?
What kind of conditioning involves repeated association of a neutral stimulus with another stimulus?
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Which theory posits that responses leading to positive outcomes are strengthened?
Which theory posits that responses leading to positive outcomes are strengthened?
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How is observational learning also referred to in the context of conditioning?
How is observational learning also referred to in the context of conditioning?
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How many exposures typically diminish the mere exposure effect?
How many exposures typically diminish the mere exposure effect?
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Which type of reaction can classical conditioning elicit in response to a previously neutral stimulus?
Which type of reaction can classical conditioning elicit in response to a previously neutral stimulus?
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How does attitude strength influence behavior?
How does attitude strength influence behavior?
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Which of the following factors decreases the correlation between attitude and behavior?
Which of the following factors decreases the correlation between attitude and behavior?
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What is the primary focus of the Theory of Reasoned Action?
What is the primary focus of the Theory of Reasoned Action?
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Which concept represents the beliefs of others in relation to an individual's behavior according to the Theory of Reasoned Action?
Which concept represents the beliefs of others in relation to an individual's behavior according to the Theory of Reasoned Action?
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What is one outcome of having lower self-monitoring regarding attitudes and behaviors?
What is one outcome of having lower self-monitoring regarding attitudes and behaviors?
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Which statement correctly describes habits in relation to attitudes and behavior?
Which statement correctly describes habits in relation to attitudes and behavior?
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What does the Theory of Planned Behavior expand upon?
What does the Theory of Planned Behavior expand upon?
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How are attitudes related to various phenomena in psychology?
How are attitudes related to various phenomena in psychology?
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What does self-perception theory suggest about our attitudes?
What does self-perception theory suggest about our attitudes?
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In the attitude-behavior problem identified by La Piere, what discrepancy was observed?
In the attitude-behavior problem identified by La Piere, what discrepancy was observed?
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Which factor does NOT contribute to the prediction of behavior based on attitudes?
Which factor does NOT contribute to the prediction of behavior based on attitudes?
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According to Davidson and Jaccard's findings, what is the correlation coefficient for general attitudes towards birth control?
According to Davidson and Jaccard's findings, what is the correlation coefficient for general attitudes towards birth control?
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What is the correlation value for the prediction of behavior in political voting?
What is the correlation value for the prediction of behavior in political voting?
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What characteristic of behavior does NOT affect the correspondence with attitudes?
What characteristic of behavior does NOT affect the correspondence with attitudes?
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How does specificity affect the correlation between attitudes and behaviors?
How does specificity affect the correlation between attitudes and behaviors?
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Which statement best describes the relationship between attitudes and behaviors?
Which statement best describes the relationship between attitudes and behaviors?
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Study Notes
Attitudes
- Attitudes are learned, not innate, formed through socialisation.
- Attitudes are influenced by direct or indirect experiences (positive or negative).
- Attitudes are influenced by the mere exposure effect.
- Classical conditioning can create associations with neutral stimuli and previous reactions.
- Instrumental conditioning involves strengthening responses yielding positive outcomes or eliminating negative ones.
- Observational learning (vicarious conditioning) models behaviour by observing outcomes.
- Attitude formation influenced by sources like media, family, peers and others.
- Self-perception theory proposes attitudes are formed by observing one's own behaviors and attributing intentions.
Attitude Formation
- Attitudes are learned responses and not inherent.
- Direct or indirect experiences, and mere exposure, influence attitude formation.
- Classical conditioning creates associations between stimuli.
- Instrumental conditioning strengthens responses linked to positive outcomes.
- Observational (vicarious) learning forms attitudes by observing others' behaviours and outcomes.
- Self-perception theory suggests attitudes arise from reflecting on behaviors.
Attitude Strength
- Attitude strength (importance, accessibility) affects how likely an attitude is to be enacted.
- The stronger an attitude, the more likely it is to be accessible and influence behaviour.
- The attitude's strength can affect behaviour.
Attitude-Behaviour Link
- Attitudes don't always predict behaviour consistently.
- Correspondence between attitude and behaviour depends on various factors: the action, the target of the action, the context and time frame.
- Attitudes are more likely to predict behaviours when they are specific, consistent and accessible.
Measuring Attitudes
- Direct measures (explicit) involve surveys and scales (Thurstone's, Guttman's, semantic differential & Likert).
- Indirect measures (implicit) include physiological measures and the Implicit Association Test (IAT).
- Physiological measures (skin resistance, heart rate, pupil dilation) assess intensity but not direction.
- IAT measures the strength of association between concepts (e.g., race/good, bad).
Theories of Attitude Formation
- Individuals' behaviors can influence attitudes and perceptions
- The theory of reasoned action proposes behavior depends on behavioural intentions, shaped by subjective norms and attitudes.
- The theory of planned behaviour adds perceived behavioral control to the factors influencing intention and hence behaviour.
Attitude Structure
- Attitudes can be viewed as one-dimensional (ranging from high negative to high positive) or two-dimensional (separate dimensions of positive and negative valence).
- Researchers debate these approaches and the superior conceptualisation of attitudes.
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Description
Explore the intricate world of attitudes and their formation process through this quiz. Learn how socialization, conditioning, and observation shape our attitudes, influenced by personal experiences and external sources. Test your knowledge on key concepts like classical and instrumental conditioning.
