Psychology and the Scientific Method

10 Questions

What does the information-processing model use as a way to understand how the human mind works?

The way a computer works

What is the main focus of information-processing theorists?

Nature of cognitive processes

What do social learning theory and observational learning emphasize?

Picking up behaviors by watching others

In the context of memory, what does the information-processing theory describe as the process of gaining access to stored information when needed?

Retrieval

Who is the main advocate of social learning theory?

Albert Bandura

What is a key aspect that information-processing theorists agree with Piaget on?

Active role of learners in the learning process

Which term is synonymous with 'observational learning' as per the text?

'Imitative learning'

What does the human mind do during the processing stage according to the information-processing model?

Thinks

'Encoding,' 'storage,' and 'retrieval' are key processes involved in what aspect of human cognition as mentioned in the text?

Memory functioning

What concept does the social learning theory propose about how people acquire behaviors?

Through observing others

Study Notes

Psychology as a Science

Psychology is considered a science as it employs the scientific method to study the mind and behavior.
The scientific method involves systematic observation, measurement, and experimentation, as well as the formulation, testing, and modification of hypotheses.

Key Areas of Application

Psychology has applications in mental health treatment, performance enhancement, and self-help.

Human Interaction and Learning

Human beings engage in purposeful activities and interact with their environment, influencing their thoughts, emotions, and behavior.
Learning occurs when people change their internal understanding of the world as they encounter new evidence.
The information-processing model explains how the human mind works, taking in information, processing it, and producing output.

Theories of Learning

Social Learning Theory (Observational Learning) states that people can learn behaviors through watching others.
Information-processing theory explains how the human memory works, including encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Branches of Psychology

Health Psychology: studies how psychological factors influence health and illness, including disease prevention, health promotion, and rehabilitation.
Sports Psychology: studies how psychological factors influence participation and performance in sports and exercise.

Goals of Psychology

Describe: psychologists gather information to describe behavior and mental processes accurately.
Understand: psychologists seek to explain phenomena and address the why and how of the phenomenon they wish to describe.

Moral Development

Kohlberg's stages of moral development comprise three levels: pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional.
The pre-conventional level involves making moral judgments based on cultural rules and labels that represent authority external to the individual.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development

Heredity: transmission of physical characteristics from parents to children through genes, influencing growth and development.
Environmental factors: the physical and psychological stimulation the child receives, including physical surroundings, social environment, and relationships.
Nutrition: adequate nutrition is of fundamental importance to physical growth and development.