Psychology and Eugenics Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following treatments is associated with earlier Biological Positivist solutions?

  • Non-intrusive counseling
  • Natural remedies
  • Experimental surgeries (correct)
  • Holistic therapies

The concept of eugenics was seen as a humane solution in Biological Positivism.

False (B)

What is one major criticism of Biological and Psychological Positivism?

It overly emphasizes individual determinism and ignores situational factors.

Biological Positivism often leads to __________ of certain populations through sterilization efforts.

<p>discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an aspect of rehabilitation discussed in earlier Biological Positivist solutions?

<p>Counseling and support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the applications with their effects:

<p>Eugenics = Sterilization of targeted populations Rehabilitation = Aimed at restoring individuals Determinism = Individual is seen as passive Consent Issues = Lack of informed consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

Psychological counseling was solely beneficial with no negative consequences.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one way in which treatments under Biological Positivism were considered harmful.

<p>Intrusive surgeries or lack of sufficient consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant issue highlighted by Leilani Muir's case?

<p>Forced sterilization without consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Special Olympics focuses exclusively on competitive sports with limited recreational activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Article 40 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child emphasize regarding children in conflict with the law?

<p>Protections in criminal proceedings and alternatives to institutionalization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

An example of positivist biases leading to discrimination in Canada is the concept of _____.

<p>colonialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Colonialism = Enforcement of hierarchies and othering Coerced Sterilization = Removal of reproductive capability without consent Special Olympics = Inclusive recreational and competitive sports for individuals with disabilities Social Control Theories = Framework for understanding conformity and deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of the coerced sterilizations reported in Alberta, Canada during the 1950s?

<p>Removal of reproductive rights without consent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The practice of forced sterilization was supported by a 2022 senate report.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was sterilized without consent at the age of 14?

<p>Morningstar Mercredi</p> Signup and view all the answers

The practice of forced sterilization is being considered for __________ to make it illegal.

<p>criminalization</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the sociological perspectives to their descriptions:

<p>Positivist = Focuses on observable social phenomena and data Functionalism = Crime is necessary and serves a purpose in society Strain = Examines the influence of socioeconomic barriers on behavior Social Control = Emphasizes the importance of community and family bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

What controversial gene is associated with aggression and violence?

<p>MAOA (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NCR verdict for individuals like Mathew de Grood has garnered unanimous support from victims' relatives.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of abuses are often associated with the misuse of science regarding the state?

<p>Coerced sterilizations and problematic diagnoses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an NCR case, Matthew de Grood killed five friends at a house party in __________.

<p>Calgary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following individuals with their associated events:

<p>Mathew de Grood = Killed five friends Sean Clifton = Stabbed Julie Bouvier Michael Stewart = Killed his mother Brown et al. = Established MAOA link to violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception is often associated with prenatal diagnoses?

<p>Expectant mothers are always prepared for termination discussions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Research has shown a higher percentage of the MAOA gene among specific ethnic groups.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key element is emphasized in the shift towards inclusion in society?

<p>Accessibility and accommodation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Forgiveness is a complex issue, particularly in the case of __________, who killed his mother during a psychotic state.

<p>Michael Stewart</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best reflects the criticisms of biological and psychological positivism?

<p>They can lead to misapplication in legal contexts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Reckless' Containment Theory suggest is more influential in preventing deviant behavior?

<p>Inner Containment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Reckless' Containment Theory, outer containment is primarily about an individual's self-regulation.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four elements of Hirschi's Social Bond?

<p>Attachment, Commitment, Involvement, Belief</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reckless' theory includes components of the self, such as a high sense of ______ and goal orientation.

<p>responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a neutralization technique?

<p>Strengthen societal bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hirschi's Social Control Theory emphasizes the importance of social bonds in maintaining conformity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of Reckless' Containment Theory with their descriptions:

<p>Inner containment = Self-regulation and moral choices Outer containment = Influence of social environment Internal form of containment = Importance of self-concept Neutralization techniques = Methods to suspend commitment to values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process of suspending commitment to conventional values?

<p>Neutralization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'net-widening' in the context of criminology?

<p>Expanding the scope of criminal justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohen advocates for giving up on upstream prevention strategies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Cohen's 1988 article regarding criminology?

<p>The need to consider broader societal issues rather than just individual offenders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohen suggests that understanding the physiology of the mosquito is not necessary before thinking about __________.

<p>draining the swamp</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following failures of criminology with their characteristics:

<p>Psychological bias = Less critical approach Clinical model = Focus on prevention Political timidity = Inability to take bold actions Impossibilism = Belief that change is unattainable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes 'optimism' in Cohen's framework?

<p>A belief in the potential for societal improvement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cohen's article supports the idea that criminology has shown consistent progress without any setbacks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one of the analytical strategies suggested for written answers on strengths and limitations.

<p>Break down the question.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abuse of Science by the State

Using scientific knowledge to justify harming or controlling vulnerable populations, often disguised as preventative measures.

Biological Positivism (in crime)

The belief that criminal behavior is determined by biological factors, often leading to inappropriate diagnoses and interventions.

Not Criminally Responsible (NCR)

A legal defense arguing a person was unable to understand the wrongfulness of their actions due to a mental disorder.

MAOA/Warrior Gene Controversy

A gene linked to aggression and antisocial behavior, but flawed research raises concerns of misuse and racist implications.

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Coerced Sterilization

Forcibly sterilizing people based on perceived undesirable traits, such as mental or physical conditions.

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Inappropriate Medical Diagnosis

Applying medical diagnoses inaccurately to justify harmful practices towards vulnerable populations.

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Inclusion and Accessibility in Education

Shifting to more inclusive educational practices and facilities to accommodate the various learning needs and capacities of students.

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NCR Verdict Criticism

Critiques of NCR focus on the potential for overlooking victim perspectives.

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Racist Implications of Genetic Research

Potential for misapplication of genetic research to unfairly target specific racial or ethnic groups.

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Forgiveness in Mental Health

The complex and sometimes conflicting nature of forgiveness, especially in cases of severe trauma.

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Biological Positivist Treatment

Early attempts to treat crime by addressing presumed biological or psychological deficits, often through intrusive and harmful methods.

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Eugenics

A problematic social philosophy seeking the elimination of certain groups considered "inferior" by preventing reproduction.

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Individual Focus in Positivism

Positivist theories often concentrate on individual characteristics as the root cause of criminal behavior, neglecting broader social contexts.

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Overly Deterministic

Positivist approaches sometimes wrongly assume that individual choices and agency are not relevant in deciding criminal behavior.

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Subjective Science

Positivist theories can be influenced by biases, presumptions, and stereotypes, leading to discriminatory outcomes.

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Discriminatory Labeling

Positivist approaches may unfairly categorize individuals based on perceived differences, leading to harmful outcomes and social division.

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Intrusive Treatments

Early positivism employed methods that lacked informed consent, leading to potential harm and violations of individual rights.

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Rehabilitation

Early rehabilitation strategies for criminals, while well-intentioned, often had flawed execution and resulted in harmful or intrusive treatments.

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Special Olympics benefits

Special Olympics offers inclusive sports and recreation opportunities for people with disabilities, providing a more welcoming environment.

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Positivist biases

Positivist biases are judgments or beliefs that arise from the idea that differences between groups are inherent and lead to discrimination.

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Children in conflict with the law

Children involved in legal issues are entitled to protections during legal proceedings and should be offered alternatives to incarceration.

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Social Control Theory focus

Social control theory examines why people conform to social norms and follow rules, focusing on the factors that influence conformity and deviation.

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Leilani Muir

A Canadian woman forcibly sterilized in the late 1950s without her consent or knowledge, highlighting the unethical practices of the era.

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Social Disorganization Theory

Positivist theory that suggests crime is a result of weakened social structures and lack of social cohesion in communities.

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Learning Theory

Positivist theory that suggests crime is learned through interaction with others, particularly those who influence our behaviors.

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Functionalism

Positivist theory that argues crime serves a purpose in society, contributing to social stability and order.

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Anachronistic Criminology

Criminology theories that are outdated and no longer relevant to modern society.

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Classical and Positivist Currents

The ongoing influence of traditional criminological approaches, such as classical and positivist theories, on contemporary research and practice.

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Gradualism in Criminology

The tendency for criminal justice systems to expand slowly rather than drastically change, often leading to net-widening.

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Psychological Bias in Criminology

A potential issue where criminological research focuses too much on individual psychology and overlooks broader societal factors.

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Clinical Model in Criminology

An approach that emphasizes prevention and intervention strategies for individuals at risk of becoming involved in crime.

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Political Timidity in Criminology

The hesitation of policymakers to implement bold social reforms that could address the root causes of crime.

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Impossibilism vs. Optimism in Criminology

A debate within criminology about whether achieving significant change in crime rates is possible or whether continued progress is achievable.

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Upstream Prevention

Focusing on addressing societal factors that contribute to crime, rather than solely focusing on individual offenders.

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Inner Containment

The ability of an individual to control their own behavior and make responsible choices. This involves factors like self-control, a strong moral compass, and the ability to handle frustration.

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Outer Containment

The influence of social environment on an individual's behavior. This involves factors like family, peers, and community support, which provide values, norms, and opportunities for prosocial activities.

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Internal Form of Containment

The strength of inner containment is crucial for preventing deviant behavior. A strong sense of self and self-regulation are key to resisting harmful actions.

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Neutralization Techniques

Methods individuals use to justify deviant behavior by temporarily suspending their commitment to societal norms and values.

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Social Control Theory (Hirschi)

A theory that emphasizes the importance of social bonds in preventing deviant behavior. Strong social bonds lead to conformity, while weak bonds increase the likelihood of deviance.

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Social Bond (Hirschi)

The connection an individual has to society, consisting of four key elements: attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief.

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Commitment (Social Bond)

Investment in conventional goals and activities, making an individual less likely to risk losing what they've achieved by engaging in deviant behavior.

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Involvement (Social Bond)

Engaging in prosocial activities and spending time doing constructive things, leaving less time and energy for deviant behavior.

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Study Notes

Biological and Psychological Positivist Solutions

  • Treatment focused on correcting differences, often with intrusive or harmful methods believed to help individuals adapt in society. Psychological counseling and surgeries were common.
  • Experimental treatments led to harm and deaths.
  • Mental health institutions expanded, separating individuals from families.
  • Individuals were unaware of associated treatment risks, lack of consent.
  • Rehabilitation programs were deemed more harmful and unethical.

Eugenics

  • Aims to eliminate those with disabilities, mental or physical impairments.
  • Racial groups were also targeted, suggesting their inferiority leading to forced sterilization procedures.
  • Sterilization was performed on women to prevent them from giving birth.
  • Certain populations were targeted for sterilization.

Assessment of Biological and Psychological Positivism

  • Focuses on individual issues, ignoring broader societal factors.
  • Overly deterministic, presuming choice and free will is unimportant in understanding behaviours.
  • Does not account for situational factors, degrees of agency or freedom of choice.
  • It isolates deviance inside individual rather than external contexts.

Cases and Critiques of Biological and Psychological Positivism

  • Case of a student who killed their friends was identified as not criminally responsible with the use of this notion of risk, yet was placed in a wrong institution.
  • Concerns of errors/misapplication in the use of such ideas.
  • Case of Matthew de Grood – killing 5 young people. NCR (not criminally responsible) verdict.
  • Misunderstandings and bias in judicial systems.

21st Century Controversies- NCR

  • Mathew de Grood - NCR verdict was controversial for the victims’ families.
  • Concerns for proper balance of understanding, accountability and support for victims were raised.

Coerced Sterilizations (past and present)

  • Leilani Muir underwent forced sterilization in the 21st century.
  • 2022 Senate report seeks to criminalize such practices.

Lecture 2 Notes: Social Control Theories, UN Convention on the Rights of the Child

  • First hour of the examination focuses on lectures.
  • The second half of exam covers lectures after midterm 2.
  • The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child – children's protections regarding criminal procedures (diversion of procedures, alternatives to institutionalization).

1960s Positivist Values and Rules

  • Emphasizes socialization.
  • Questions conformity and deviance, as it explores the process of people conforming or breaking societal rules.
  • Questions the reasoning and perspectives of societal norms.
  • Examines conflict between understanding society as a whole and individual actions.

Reckless's Containment Theory

  • Examines internal and external factors that influence a person's self-control and deviations in behavior.
  • Self-control and conformity within the individual and within the interactions and bonds with society are key.

Hirschi's Social Control Theory

  • Explores commitment, involvement, attachment, and belief to explain conformity to social norms and laws.

Positivist Theories in Sociology, Determinism vs. Drift

  • There is a continuum between freedom and constraints on behaviours.
  • Positivist theories focus on how factors limit human choice and behaviour.
  • A more recent perspective considers a spectrum of choices and societal factors, drifting between freedom and constraint, affecting individuals.

Criticisms of Sociological Positivism

  • Repetitive and reactive to existing and societal norms.
  • Tends to reinforce status quo.
  • Does not focus critically on structural inequalities.
  • Neglects the implications of power imbalances in society.

Positivist Criminology: Labeling and Critical Lens

  • Focuses on how societal reaction to crime and labelling shapes criminal behavior.
  • Understands that ‘deviance’ is not inherent but rather a social construct.
  • Critiques positivist approaches for ignoring societal factors that contribute to inequality and discrimination.

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Description

Explore the historical approaches of biological and psychological positivism, including their treatment methods and ethical implications. This quiz delves into the dark legacy of eugenics, focusing on the treatment of individuals with disabilities and the impact of mental health institutions. Understand the consequences of these ideologies on society and individual rights.

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