Biological Psychology Chapters 1-4
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of a psychiatrist?

  • To provide exercise and other treatments for muscle pain
  • To manage personal and family issues for clients
  • To assist individuals with emotional distress and behaviors (correct)
  • To help people improve daily life functions after injuries

    • What level of education is typically required for practitioners in the allied medical field?

  • PhD only
  • Master’s degree or more (correct)
  • Bachelor’s degree
  • High school diploma

    • Which type of therapist focuses on helping clients recover their daily living abilities?

  • Psychiatrist
  • Social worker
  • Physical therapist
  • Occupational therapist (correct)

    • What is one reason for studying nonhuman animals in research?

    <p>It helps us understand human evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common task performed by social workers?

    <p>Addressing personal and family issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of monism suggest about thoughts and brain activity?

    <p>Thoughts are the same thing as brain activity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates a physiological explanation for a behavior?

    <p>A songbird's brain area size influenced by testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, why should caution be exercised regarding research conclusions?

    <p>Conclusions may be overstated without proper context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the ontogenetic explanation of behavior in songbirds?

    <p>A young male learns its song by listening to adult males.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a functional explanation of a behavior focus on?

    <p>The purpose and role of singing in reproduction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best reflects dualism in contrast to monism?

    <p>The mind and body are made of different substances.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does evolutionary explanation suggest about similar songs in certain species?

    <p>Similar songs indicate a shared ancestor between species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true regarding perception according to the content?

    <p>Perception occurs solely in the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical level of resting potential in a neuron?

    <p>-70 millivolts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is actively transported by the sodium-potassium pump?

    <p>Potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significantly contributes to the negative charge inside a resting neuron?

    <p>Negatively charged proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows sodium and potassium ions to cross the neuronal membrane during rest?

    <p>Ion channel gating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining resting potential?

    <p>It balances out the ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sodium ions tend to behave in relation to the neuron's resting potential?

    <p>They are attracted to the negative charge inside the cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes the state of sodium and potassium channels at resting potential?

    <p>Both channels are closed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect would opening chloride channels have on a resting neuron?

    <p>It would have little effect on the resting potential.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following molecules can cross the neuron membrane freely?

    <p>Oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During resting potential, which ions favor a flow into the neuron?

    <p>Sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of glia in the nervous system?

    <p>Provide support and protection for neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in a neuron is responsible for conveying impulses toward other neurons, organs, or muscles?

    <p>Axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do astrocytes play in the nervous system?

    <p>Regulate blood flow and nutrient delivery to neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>Protect the brain from harmful substances while allowing essential nutrients in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can cross the blood-brain barrier freely?

    <p>Oxygen and carbon dioxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron brings information into a structure?

    <p>Afferent neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can overactive mitochondria lead to?

    <p>Rapid fuel burning and overheating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main energy source for vertebrate neurons?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the soma from dendrites in a neuron?

    <p>The soma contains the nucleus and organelles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily responsible for forming myelin sheaths in the central nervous system?

    <p>Oligodendrocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of dendritic spines?

    <p>To increase the surface area for synapse formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neurons is TRUE?

    <p>Neurons vary significantly in size, shape, and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of microglia in the brain?

    <p>Act as the brain's immune cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is thiamine (vitamin B1) important for neurons?

    <p>It's essential for the metabolism of glucose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the hypoglossal nerve?

    <p>Control of muscles of the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the nervous system is primarily responsible for 'fight or flight' responses?

    <p>Sympathetic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the structure of ganglia in the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>They act independently without linking to each other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the medulla?

    <p>Facilitating speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary role of the cerebellum includes control of which of the following?

    <p>Coordination and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of information does the thalamus primarily process?

    <p>Sensory information from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is most closely associated with emotional processing related to fear?

    <p>Amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which division of the brain is responsible for basic life functions such as breathing and heart rate?

    <p>Hindbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily released by the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the cerebral hemispheres generally process sensory information?

    <p>From contralateral sides of the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The axons of the parasympathetic nervous system primarily release which neurotransmitter?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in motor control and also houses the substantia nigra?

    <p>Midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structures are encompassed by the limbic system?

    <p>Hippocampus and amygdala</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the spinal cord in the central nervous system?

    <p>Communicating with sense organs and muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most abundant neurotransmitter in the nervous system?

    <p>Glutamate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is classified as an indoleamine?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of MAO (monoamine oxidase) in neurons?

    <p>Breaking down neurotransmitters into inactive forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the process of exocytosis in the presynaptic terminal?

    <p>Calcium ion entry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurotransmitter effect is characterized by a brief on/off response and decays quickly?

    <p>Ionotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with inhibitory ionotropic synapses in the brain?

    <p>GABA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does nitric oxide (NO) have on blood vessels?

    <p>Dilates nearby blood vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can tryptophan's entry into the brain be increased?

    <p>Consume more carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of synaptic effect takes longer to initiate and usually lasts longer than ionotropic effects?

    <p>Metabotropic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of neurons that change their neurotransmitter type seasonally?

    <p>They can adapt their chemical signaling based on environmental changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT synthesized from amino acids?

    <p>Nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of a ligand-gated channel?

    <p>To open upon chemical binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these neurotransmitters is considered both a modified amino acid and used in excitatory synapses?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a neurotransmitter after it is released from the presynaptic cell?

    <p>It diffuses across the synaptic cleft to attach to a receptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Biological Psychology Notes

    • Biological psychologists explain behavior through its physiology, development, evolution, and function.

    • Consciousness is a fundamental property of matter, but we lack a satisfying explanation.

    • Biological psychology is synonymous with biopsychology, psychobiology, physiological psychology, and behavioral neuroscience. Neuroscience also focuses on the brain's structure and chemistry.

    • Perception occurs in the brain, not the body part receiving the stimulus.

    • Mental activity and certain brain activities are inseparable (monism).

    • Biological explanations of behavior can be physiological, ontogenetic, evolutionary, or functional (exampling birdsong).

    Career Opportunities in Biological Psychology

    • A research position commonly requires a PhD in psychology, biology, neuroscience, or a related field.

    • People with a master's or bachelor's degree may work in a lab without directorship.

    • PhD researchers may perform teaching, and keeping up-to-date on research developments is crucial.

    Chapter 1: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses

    • The nervous system consists of neurons and glia.

    • Neurons receive and transmit information to other cells. Around 86 billion neurons exist in an adult human brain.

    • Glia support and protect neurons, maintaining homeostasis, forming myelin, and assisting in signal transmission.

    • Ramón y Cajal's techniques in the late 1800s highlighted the small gap separating neurons (synaptic cleft).

    • The plasma membrane encloses the interior of animal cells (excluding mammalian red blood cells), regulating chemical flow.

    • Mitochondria produce energy for cells, having their own DNA separate from the cell nucleus.

    • Protein molecules embedded in the phospholipid membrane allow certain chemicals to pass, or they may be gated for regulation.

    Chapter 2: Synapses

    • Neurons communicate primarily through chemicals at specialized junctions called synapses.

    • Charles Scott Sherrington first described synapses, noting slower speed of reflexes than along an axon.

    • Reflexes (sensory neuron to muscle) involve synapse delays.

    • Graded potentials may be depolarizations (EPSPs) or hyperpolarizations (IPSPs), which may be spatially or temporally summed to determine if a threshold is met.

    • The all-or-none law states that once a threshold is reached, all action potentials will be the same size and velocity.

    • Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) temporarily hyperpolarize the postsynaptic membrane.

    • Relationship among EPSPs, IPSPs, and action potentials reveals how a neuron's activity is the result of interactions from multiple neurons.

    Chapter 3: Anatomy and Research Methods

    • The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system (PNS) connects the CNS to the rest of the body.

    • The brain's anatomical subdivisions are generally defined in relation to their locations (dorsal, ventral, medial, lateral, anterior, and posterior).

    • Cranial nerves are nerve bundles within the PNS emerging from the brain.

    • The spinal cord, a segmented structure, contains groups of neurons (dorsal root ganglia) outside the cord. Motor neurons are inside the cord.

    • The hindbrain contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum, controlling basic life functions.

    • The midbrain's tectum handles visual and auditory information, and the tegmentum handles movement and arousal.

    • The forebrain comprises the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures like the thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and hippocampus, dealing with complex functions.

    • The four lobes of the cerebral cortex are occipital (vision), parietal (touch sensations), temporal (auditory, language), and frontal (prefrontal cortex controlling higher-order cognitive functions).

    Chapter 4: Genetics, Evolution, Development, and Plasticity

    • Genes are the units of heredity, containing the molecular code for proteins.

    • DNA and RNA molecules underlie genetic information transfer.

    • Heritability estimates the influence of genes on a trait and considers both genetic and environmental factors in this variability.

    • Evolution (natural selection) relies on genes that increase the reproductive success of individuals in a population.

    • Epigenetics studies how environmental factors affect gene expression without changing the DNA sequence.

    • The brain's development involves different stages of cell proliferation, migration, differentiation, synapse formation, and myelination, and continues into adulthood, influenced by experience.

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