Psychology 230 Language: Syntax & Semantics

Questions and Answers

Play by play and radio broadcast show language is ______.

fast

Perception leads to language and then speech .

Play by play and radio broadcast show language is ______.

fast

Perception leads to language and then speech .

planning, production Signup and view all the answers

Errors and word selection mistakes are random.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the order and structure of language called?

syntax Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the context and meaning of language?

semantics Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of a phrase beyond the literal meaning of words called?

pragmatics Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychology of language as it interacts with the mind?

psycholinguistics Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of language structure and change?

linguistics Signup and view all the answers

What field studies the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language?

neurolinguistics Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the relationship between social behavior and language?

sociolinguistics Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of language via computational methods called?

computational linguistics Signup and view all the answers

Properties of language, ______, arbitrarily symbolic.

communicative Signup and view all the answers

Regularly , structured at multiple levels, generative, productive, .

dynamic Signup and view all the answers

Language permits us to ______ with one or more people who share our language.

communicate Signup and view all the answers

Language creates an ______ relationship between a symbol and what it represents.

arbitrary Signup and view all the answers

Principle of ______, meanings of words are determined by agreement.

conventionality Signup and view all the answers

Principle of ______, different words have different meanings.

contrast Signup and view all the answers

Language has a ______, only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning.

structure Signup and view all the answers

______ of language, generative property, unlimited numbers of new utterances can be created.

productivity Signup and view all the answers

Language is dynamic and allows for new words.

True Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the sounds of language?

phonology Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of speech called?

phoneme Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of word structure called?

morphology Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit that denotes meaning?

morpheme Signup and view all the answers

______ morpheme, word that conveys the core of the meaning.

content Signup and view all the answers

______ morpheme, add nuances to core meaning.

function Signup and view all the answers

What is the entire set of morphemes for a language known as?

mental lexicon Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the grammatical arrangement of words into a sentence?

syntax Signup and view all the answers

______ grammar, the 'correct' way to structure sentences.

prescriptive Signup and view all the answers

______ grammar, describe the structures, functions, and relationships of words in language.

descriptive Signup and view all the answers

What are the rules used to put words together for a sentence called?

syntax Signup and view all the answers

Syntax ______, exposure to a particular syntactic structure leads speakers to reproduce the same structure.

priming Signup and view all the answers

Speech error may switch nouns and verbs but the ______ is preserved.

syntax Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the meaning of language?

semantics Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the word called?

denotation Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the additional nuances of word meaning?

connotation Signup and view all the answers

Transmission of word depends on both linguistic knowledge and mental lexicon and on ______ of the speaker/situation.

context Signup and view all the answers

What analyzes auditory signals in speech and non-speech stimuli?

phonetic refinement Signup and view all the answers

What model analyzes auditory input to build words?

cohort Signup and view all the answers

Lack of invariance problem comes from ____ and _ ____.

coarticulation, parallel transmission Signup and view all the answers

Problems in speech processing can come from lack of , speaker , __ problem.

invariance, variability, segmentation Signup and view all the answers

What coarticulation exists in sign language?

ASL Signup and view all the answers

Evidence that speech perception is categorical.

True Signup and view all the answers

___ _ ___, the time between the beginning of the pronunciation of the word and the onset of the vibration of the vocal cords.

voice onset time Signup and view all the answers

______ problem, not separated like words, speech is fast.

segmentation Signup and view all the answers

Phoneme ______ effect, splice out certain sounds and put with different contexts.

restoration Signup and view all the answers

What is performance in distinguishing between different types of /p/ sounds a result of?

physical Signup and view all the answers

_______ to tell the difference between sounds.

threshold Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Language Fundamentals

"Fast" relates to the dynamic nature of language and its effective use in broadcasts.
Perception informs the planning and production of language, leading to speech generation.

Language Characteristics

Errors in word selection are not random; they reveal insights into language storage and retrieval.
Syntax refers to the order and structure of language, governing how words are arranged.

Linguistic Concepts

Semantics emphasizes the context and meaning behind language, distinguishing layers of understanding.
Pragmatics goes beyond the literal interpretation of words, incorporating implied meanings.

Fields of Study

Psycholinguistics investigates the psychological aspects of language production and comprehension.
Linguistics covers the structure and evolution of language.
Neurolinguistics explores the connections between language, the brain, and cognitive processes.
Sociolinguistics examines how social behavior influences language use.
Computational linguistics employs computational methods to analyze language.

Properties of Language

Language is communicative, structured, and dynamic, demonstrating an arbitrary relationship between symbols and meanings.
Conventionality and contrast are principles governing language meaning and usage.
Structure is crucial; only specific arrangements of symbols convey meaning.

Productivity and Dynamics

Language productivity allows for the generation of unlimited new utterances from a finite set of sounds or words.
Dynamic language adapts over time, with the introduction of new words and meanings, capable of becoming extinct.

Phonology and Morphology

Phonology studies the sounds within a language, focusing on phonemes (smallest sound units).
Morphology examines word structure, including morphemes (smallest meaning units).

Morphemes

Content morphemes carry core meanings, while function morphemes add grammatical nuances.
The mental lexicon encompasses approximately 80,000 morphemes, forming a vast vocabulary.

Syntax and Grammar

Syntax governs the grammatical organization of words in sentences, distinguishing between prescriptive and descriptive grammar.
Priming in syntax suggests exposure to specific structures influences subsequent language use.

Speech Processing Challenges

Various problems exist in speech processing, such as segmentation, invariance, and variability.
Coarticulation indicates the parallel production of phonemes, contributing to the complexity of speech perception.

Categorical Perception

Evidence shows that speech perception is categorical; continuous audio dimensions are perceived as distinct categories.
Voice Onset Time (VOT) is critical in distinguishing sounds, affecting pronunciation and understanding.

Restoration Effect

The phoneme restoration effect illustrates how context can influence sound perception, allowing listeners to fill gaps in spoken language.

Listener Discrimination

Listeners can identify distinct phonemes but often struggle with nuanced sound differences due to thresholds in perception.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of Syntax and Semantics in Psychology 230. This flashcard set is designed to help reinforce your understanding of language structure and functions. Dive into word definitions and their implications on language processing.

Psychology 230 Language: Syntax & Semantics

Questions and Answers

Play by play and radio broadcast show language is ______.

Perception leads to language ______ and then speech ______.

Play by play and radio broadcast show language is ______.

Perception leads to language ______ and then speech ______.

Errors and word selection mistakes are random.

What is the order and structure of language called?

What refers to the context and meaning of language?

What is the meaning of a phrase beyond the literal meaning of words called?

What is the psychology of language as it interacts with the mind?

What is the study of language structure and change?

What field studies the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language?

What is the study of the relationship between social behavior and language?

What is the study of language via computational methods called?

Properties of language, ______, arbitrarily symbolic.

Regularly ______, structured at multiple levels, generative, productive, ______.

Language permits us to ______ with one or more people who share our language.

Language creates an ______ relationship between a symbol and what it represents.

Principle of ______, meanings of words are determined by agreement.

Principle of ______, different words have different meanings.

Language has a ______, only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning.

______ of language, generative property, unlimited numbers of new utterances can be created.

Language is dynamic and allows for new words.

What is the study of the sounds of language?

What is the smallest unit of speech called?

What is the study of word structure called?

What is the smallest unit that denotes meaning?

______ morpheme, word that conveys the core of the meaning.

______ morpheme, add nuances to core meaning.

What is the entire set of morphemes for a language known as?

What refers to the grammatical arrangement of words into a sentence?

______ grammar, the 'correct' way to structure sentences.

______ grammar, describe the structures, functions, and relationships of words in language.

What are the rules used to put words together for a sentence called?

Syntax ______, exposure to a particular syntactic structure leads speakers to reproduce the same structure.

Speech error may switch nouns and verbs but the ______ is preserved.

What is the study of the meaning of language?

What is the definition of the word called?

What refers to the additional nuances of word meaning?

Transmission of word depends on both linguistic knowledge and mental lexicon and on ______ of the speaker/situation.

What analyzes auditory signals in speech and non-speech stimuli?

What model analyzes auditory input to build words?

Lack of invariance problem comes from ______ and _____ ______.

Problems in speech processing can come from lack of ______, speaker ______, ______ problem.

What coarticulation exists in sign language?

Evidence that speech perception is categorical.

_____ _____ _____, the time between the beginning of the pronunciation of the word and the onset of the vibration of the vocal cords.

______ problem, not separated like words, speech is fast.

Phoneme ______ effect, splice out certain sounds and put with different contexts.

What is performance in distinguishing between different types of /p/ sounds a result of?

_______ to tell the difference between sounds.

Study Notes

Language Fundamentals

Language Characteristics

Linguistic Concepts

Fields of Study

Properties of Language

Productivity and Dynamics

Phonology and Morphology

Morphemes

Syntax and Grammar

Speech Processing Challenges

Categorical Perception

Restoration Effect

Listener Discrimination

Studying That Suits You

Description

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Perception leads to language and then speech .

Perception leads to language and then speech .

Regularly , structured at multiple levels, generative, productive, .

Lack of invariance problem comes from ____ and _ ____.

Problems in speech processing can come from lack of , speaker , __ problem.

___ _ ___, the time between the beginning of the pronunciation of the word and the onset of the vibration of the vocal cords.