Psychology 230 Language: Syntax & Semantics
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Questions and Answers

Play by play and radio broadcast show language is ______.

fast

Perception leads to language ______ and then speech ______.

Play by play and radio broadcast show language is ______.

fast

Perception leads to language ______ and then speech ______.

<p>planning, production</p> Signup and view all the answers

Errors and word selection mistakes are random.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the order and structure of language called?

<p>syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the context and meaning of language?

<p>semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the meaning of a phrase beyond the literal meaning of words called?

<p>pragmatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the psychology of language as it interacts with the mind?

<p>psycholinguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of language structure and change?

<p>linguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What field studies the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language?

<p>neurolinguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the relationship between social behavior and language?

<p>sociolinguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of language via computational methods called?

<p>computational linguistics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Properties of language, ______, arbitrarily symbolic.

<p>communicative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Regularly ______, structured at multiple levels, generative, productive, ______.

<p>dynamic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language permits us to ______ with one or more people who share our language.

<p>communicate</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language creates an ______ relationship between a symbol and what it represents.

<p>arbitrary</p> Signup and view all the answers

Principle of ______, meanings of words are determined by agreement.

<p>conventionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Principle of ______, different words have different meanings.

<p>contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language has a ______, only particularly patterned arrangements of symbols have meaning.

<p>structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ of language, generative property, unlimited numbers of new utterances can be created.

<p>productivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Language is dynamic and allows for new words.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the sounds of language?

<p>phonology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit of speech called?

<p>phoneme</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of word structure called?

<p>morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the smallest unit that denotes meaning?

<p>morpheme</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ morpheme, word that conveys the core of the meaning.

<p>content</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ morpheme, add nuances to core meaning.

<p>function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the entire set of morphemes for a language known as?

<p>mental lexicon</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the grammatical arrangement of words into a sentence?

<p>syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ grammar, the 'correct' way to structure sentences.

<p>prescriptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ grammar, describe the structures, functions, and relationships of words in language.

<p>descriptive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the rules used to put words together for a sentence called?

<p>syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

Syntax ______, exposure to a particular syntactic structure leads speakers to reproduce the same structure.

<p>priming</p> Signup and view all the answers

Speech error may switch nouns and verbs but the ______ is preserved.

<p>syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the meaning of language?

<p>semantics</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of the word called?

<p>denotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the additional nuances of word meaning?

<p>connotation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Transmission of word depends on both linguistic knowledge and mental lexicon and on ______ of the speaker/situation.

<p>context</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analyzes auditory signals in speech and non-speech stimuli?

<p>phonetic refinement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What model analyzes auditory input to build words?

<p>cohort</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lack of invariance problem comes from ______ and _____ ______.

<p>coarticulation, parallel transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

Problems in speech processing can come from lack of ______, speaker ______, ______ problem.

<p>invariance, variability, segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What coarticulation exists in sign language?

<p>ASL</p> Signup and view all the answers

Evidence that speech perception is categorical.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

_____ _____ _____, the time between the beginning of the pronunciation of the word and the onset of the vibration of the vocal cords.

<p>voice onset time</p> Signup and view all the answers

______ problem, not separated like words, speech is fast.

<p>segmentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phoneme ______ effect, splice out certain sounds and put with different contexts.

<p>restoration</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is performance in distinguishing between different types of /p/ sounds a result of?

<p>physical</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ to tell the difference between sounds.

<p>threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Language Fundamentals

  • "Fast" relates to the dynamic nature of language and its effective use in broadcasts.
  • Perception informs the planning and production of language, leading to speech generation.

Language Characteristics

  • Errors in word selection are not random; they reveal insights into language storage and retrieval.
  • Syntax refers to the order and structure of language, governing how words are arranged.

Linguistic Concepts

  • Semantics emphasizes the context and meaning behind language, distinguishing layers of understanding.
  • Pragmatics goes beyond the literal interpretation of words, incorporating implied meanings.

Fields of Study

  • Psycholinguistics investigates the psychological aspects of language production and comprehension.
  • Linguistics covers the structure and evolution of language.
  • Neurolinguistics explores the connections between language, the brain, and cognitive processes.
  • Sociolinguistics examines how social behavior influences language use.
  • Computational linguistics employs computational methods to analyze language.

Properties of Language

  • Language is communicative, structured, and dynamic, demonstrating an arbitrary relationship between symbols and meanings.
  • Conventionality and contrast are principles governing language meaning and usage.
  • Structure is crucial; only specific arrangements of symbols convey meaning.

Productivity and Dynamics

  • Language productivity allows for the generation of unlimited new utterances from a finite set of sounds or words.
  • Dynamic language adapts over time, with the introduction of new words and meanings, capable of becoming extinct.

Phonology and Morphology

  • Phonology studies the sounds within a language, focusing on phonemes (smallest sound units).
  • Morphology examines word structure, including morphemes (smallest meaning units).

Morphemes

  • Content morphemes carry core meanings, while function morphemes add grammatical nuances.
  • The mental lexicon encompasses approximately 80,000 morphemes, forming a vast vocabulary.

Syntax and Grammar

  • Syntax governs the grammatical organization of words in sentences, distinguishing between prescriptive and descriptive grammar.
  • Priming in syntax suggests exposure to specific structures influences subsequent language use.

Speech Processing Challenges

  • Various problems exist in speech processing, such as segmentation, invariance, and variability.
  • Coarticulation indicates the parallel production of phonemes, contributing to the complexity of speech perception.

Categorical Perception

  • Evidence shows that speech perception is categorical; continuous audio dimensions are perceived as distinct categories.
  • Voice Onset Time (VOT) is critical in distinguishing sounds, affecting pronunciation and understanding.

Restoration Effect

  • The phoneme restoration effect illustrates how context can influence sound perception, allowing listeners to fill gaps in spoken language.

Listener Discrimination

  • Listeners can identify distinct phonemes but often struggle with nuanced sound differences due to thresholds in perception.

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Test your knowledge on the key concepts of Syntax and Semantics in Psychology 230. This flashcard set is designed to help reinforce your understanding of language structure and functions. Dive into word definitions and their implications on language processing.

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