Psychological Response to Sport Injury

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Questions and Answers

How do cognitive appraisals impact the rehabilitation process for athletes?

They influence emotional responses that can affect rehabilitation adherence. (correct)

They have no effect on emotions or behaviors.

They lead to a uniform emotional response regardless of the injury.

They determine the physiological recovery speed from injuries.

What can influence an athlete’s assessment of their injury?

An athlete's past sporting achievements only.

Only the severity of the physical injury itself.

The opinions of fellow athletes exclusively.

Historical stressors and personality characteristics. (correct)

What is a key premise of the Integrated Model of Psychological Response to Sport Injury?

Individual responses to injury vary based on the perceived meaning and coping abilities. (correct)

All athletes respond identically to injuries.

Cognitive appraisals do not affect recovery outcomes.

Athletes' experiences of injuries are solely determined by medical interventions.

Which factors are hypothesized to have a cyclical influence on an athlete's psychological response to injury?

Cognitive appraisals and situational factors. Signup and view all the answers

What role do coping resources play in an athlete's response to injury?

They influence both stress response and psychological recovery. Signup and view all the answers

What psychological state is most associated with serious injuries in athletes?

Perception of poor physical health Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention might be least effective for preventing injuries among sociable athletes who feel less trained?

Group socialization activities Signup and view all the answers

What is a suggested strategy for reducing the risk of sports injuries in athletes?

Improving body perception abilities Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is associated with medium injuries according to the study?

Outgoing personality combined with low training perception Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of the preventive approach suggested for athletes?

Understanding and taking responsibility for one's body Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills is advised for improving injury prevention in athletes?

Long-term use of self-perception oriented adjective lists Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a consequence of perceiving oneself with poor physical health?

Heightened self-confidence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT align with improving athletes' psychological states to prevent sports injuries?

Engaging in unstructured free play Signup and view all the answers

What psychological benefit is consistently associated with participation in physical activity?

Enhanced positive mood Signup and view all the answers

Moderate exercise's effect on psychological well-being includes which of the following?

Small-to-moderate positive effects on vigor Signup and view all the answers

Which axis and system does regular exercise help regulate to reduce physiological responses to stress?

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic nervous system Signup and view all the answers

The Cross-stressor adaptation hypothesis suggests that exercise leads to adaptations in what type of response systems?

Both physiological and psychological response systems Signup and view all the answers

What kind of changes in self-perception have been linked to exercise?

Positive changes in self-esteem Signup and view all the answers

How does moderate exercise affect tension and anger according to psychological studies?

Small-to-moderate negative effects on tension and anger Signup and view all the answers

What do specific adaptations to physical activity lead to regarding psychosocial demands?

Unspecific adaptations benefiting psychosocial demands Signup and view all the answers

What effect does aerobic exercise have on fatigue, according to recent findings?

It leads to small-to-moderate negative effects on fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

PSE8 - Stress, Mental Health and Wellbeing

Stress is defined as a physical and mental response to a stressor
A stressor is a force acting on a biological system
Distress is a psychological reaction to stressors, which can be emotional, cognitive, or behavioral. Part of the stress response.
Stress is an imbalance in physiological systems that activates physiological and behavioral responses to restore balance
Mental health is a state of well-being where the individual realizes their abilities, copes with life stresses, works productively, and contributes to their community. (WHO, 2001 & 2016)
Mental health is integral to efficient human functioning and ability to adapt to life's physical, mental, and social challenges
Physical and mental health are intertwined
The mental health spectrum has different levels of wellbeing: mental disorder, languishing, moderate mental health, and flourishing. (Huppert,

Health exists on a continuum from active mental illness to peak performance (Lardon & Fitzgerald, 2013).

Psychogical Disorders in Athletes

One in three athletes is affected by psychological disorders (2019)
Anxiety and depression are more prevalent in athletes than in the general population
Bi-polar disorders, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicidal thoughts/ behaviour are more prevalent in athletes than the general population
Risk factors include anxiety/depression (33.6%), bi-polar disorders, self- harming behaviors, substance abuse, and suicide (1/6 athletes).
Specific disorders include; anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorders, self-harm, substance abuse, and suicide.
More frequent in athletes aged 16-34 than non-athletes.

What is Wellbeing?

Psychological wellbeing involves a combination of feeling good and functioning effectively
Feeling good includes positive emotions: happiness, contentment, interest, engagement, confidence, and affection
Functioning effectively includes developing potential, control over one's life, purpose (e.g., working toward valued goals), and experiencing relationships. (Huppert, 2009)

Drivers of Wellbeing

Personality: Extraversion predicts a positive emotional style, while neuroticism is linked to negative mood and common mental disorders.
Demographic Factors: Gender shows a relationship with ill-being but little evidence for well-being. Age has a U-shaped relationship with mental well-being. Marital status is linked to higher life satisfaction and lower psychological ill-being.
Socioeconomic Factors: Higher income/socioeconomic status is positively correlated with well-being. Higher education is often a protective factor against poor mental health. Income inequality and unemployment are negatively correlated with well-being.

Theories and Models of Stress and Coping

Life-Event Theory (Holmes & Rahe, 1967): Major life changes are stressful regardless of positive or negative outcomes. The accumulation of life events is relevant to health. The SRRS measures intensity and duration.
General Adaptation Syndrome (Selye, 1950): The body responds nonspecifically to any demand with a sequence of stages (alarm reaction, resistance, exhaustion), regardless of individual appraisal or response strategy.
Transactional Model of Stress (Lazarus, 1984): Stress is a relationship between the person and the environment, appraised as taxing or exceeding resources, endangering well-being.
Conservation of Resources (Hobfoll, 1988): Psychological stress is a reaction to the environment, involving threats of or actual loss/lack of resources (objects, characteristics, and so on).

Diverse definitions of stress exist (e.g., relationship between person and environment, physiological imbalance).
Different types of measures exist (e.g., self-reported questionnaires, physiological markers). (e.g., perceived stress questionnaires)

Coping Strategies

Coping is constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific internal and external demands. (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984)
It includes problem-focused coping and emotion-focused coping, which may differ in their adaptivity and functionality.

Coping Strategies in Athletes

Gender Differences: Female athletes assess stressful situations as more negative than male athletes, and more frequently utilize emotion-focused coping. Women also report experiencing more intense stress from coaches than men.
Performance Level Differences: Elite male athletes often favor approach coping styles, while non-elite athletes adopt avoidance strategies more. The converse is true for women.
Relationship between coping and mental health: Problem-focused coping associates with lower anxiety, while emotion-focused coping associates with higher neuroticism.

Coping During Competitive Suffering Episodes

Negative feelings about goal attainment are moderately linked to problem- focused coping and strongly correlated with emotion-focused coping.
Avoidance coping tends to decline.

Physical Activity and Affect

Research consistently reveals a strong connection between physical activity and positive mood and affect.
Aerobic exercise has a small-to-moderate positive effect on vigor but a small- to-moderate negative effect on fatigue, confusion, depression, anger, and tension.

Physical Activity and Depression

Depression likelihood decreases in line with increasing PA, though it is inversely curvilinear and most effects are realized with significant increases from no/low to moderate PA.
Exercise is related to a 25% lower chance/risk of depression and 18% lower in half the dose(a lower level compared to non-active individuals)

Physical Activity and Anxiety

Acute and habitual exercise can reduce stress-induced anxiety by facilitating neurotransmitter synthesis and adapting the central nervous system.

Psychological Antecedents of Sport Injury

Physical factors are the primary cause of injuries
Psychological factors can contribute
Stress/anxiety is the primary psychological factor influencing sports injuries.
Situations perceived as threatening lead to increased anxiety, muscle tension, focus/attention changes, and an elevated risk of injury

Psychological Responses to Sport Injury

Disbelief/denial/isolation, anger (inward/outward), bargaining with others/everyone, depression, and acceptance (Hardy & Crace, 1990) are typical emotional responses to injury.
Expect to see multifaceted responses including injury-related information processing, emotional upheaval/reactive behavior, and positive outlook/coping responses. (Udry et al., 1997)
Injury is linked to depression (27-51% report mild or moderate symptoms, 4-12% clinically significant)

Integrated Model of Psychological Response to Sport Injury and

Rehabilitation

Personality, stressors, coping resources, and interventions impact injury response and subsequent likelihood
The same factors influencing injury risk also influence psychological response.
Individual reactions vary based on their unique assessment of the injury, implications, and their capacity to cope. (Wiese-Bjornstal et al., 1998)
Cognitive appraisals influence emotional and behavioral responses cyclically

Role of Sport Psychology in Sport Injury

Crucial during injury-illness stage helping athletes cope with emotional issues
Support motivation and adherence in the rehabilitation stage.
Full recovery means returning to normal functioning in the sport. (Bianco et al., 1998)

Substance Use (Disorder)

Substance use is frequently problematic when it results in clinically significant impairment or distress (at least 2 symptoms in a 12-month period).
The DSM-5 has replaced substance abuse and substance dependence with "substance use disorder" diagnoses that vary by substance.
Criteria (e.g., impaired control, social impairment, risky use) are similar across substances.
There are 11 criteria in total, divided into 3 categories.
Severity classifications (mild, moderate, severe) are based on the number of criteria met. There are a variety of instruments to assess levels of substance use disorder. (For example: AUDIT and CAGE questionnaires).

PA as a Protective Factor

Regular physical activity, including sports, is associated with improved health outcomes, reducing physical/mental health issues, preventing substance use, and improving self-esteem. (Dunton et al., 2011)
It can potentially reduce individuals' desire for reward-seeking behaviors (e.g., substance use). (Moore & Werch, 2005)
It can promote social well-being.

Sport as a Risk Factor

Individuals at risk for addiction can encounter increased difficulties related to specific sports (e.g., team sports, settings).
Sport can act as a predictor for substance use. Risk factors include, issues with family, perceived social atmosphere, sport culture, and cessation of sport participation.

Loneliness

Loneliness is an unpleasant feeling arising from a deficient social network (quantitatively or qualitatively). (Perlman & Peplau, 1981) encompassing affective, motivational, and cognitive dimensions of behavior
Loneliness is not the same as social isolation or aloneness
Loneliness has significant implications, linked to physical and mental health consequences.
It often arises in situations of social isolation/deficiency, such as the abrupt shift into new social environments.
There are three key dimensions of loneliness: intimacy and close attachments, face-to-face relations, and social identities

Interventions for Loneliness

Interventions that directly address loneliness may directly improve well- being and increase the motivation to engage in social activities or physical exercise environments.
Interventions that indirectly address loneliness include those addressing social skills, enhancing social support, increasing participation opportunities and addressing maladaptive social cognition.

Loneliness in Performance Sport:

Athletes, especially those involved in individual sports, report higher loneliness feelings compared to those in team sports and control samples.
Loneliness can affect several facets of sport performance, and is more prevalent in high-risk populations.
Interventions, depending on the diagnostic data, may involve addressing aspects of coping, cognitive appraisals, stress response, physical/attention changes.
Preventive interventions may vary in athletes who are diagnosed with specific symptoms and health.

Sport- and Movement Therapy in Psychiatric and Psychosomatic

Disorders

Interconnectedness of mind and body is a core principle
Movement and sports therapy should go beyond competitive sports, leisure activities, or general lifestyle sports (body styling)
Perspectives for treatment include instrumental (strength, conditioning), sensitive (body experience, tension/relaxation), social (cooperation, interaction), and symbolic (understanding, metaphor, coping).
Principles for clinical treatment include diagnostic analysis, indication, intervention, and evaluation. The ABC of movement therapy includes actions/experiences, reflection, and transfer.

Stress and Depression in German Elite Athletes

Approximately 10% of athletes exhibit symptoms of depression
Prevalence of depression in athletes is higher than among the general population.
Back pain in athletes has been associated with stress and depression in competitive sports environments.
Short-term intervention programs did not demonstrate an immediate effect on stress or depression, but served as a facilitator for introducing sport psychologists in service.

Eating Disorders/Disordered Eating

Anorexia Nervosa (F 50.0, ICD-10): Characterized by significantly low body weight, often achieved by restricting caloric intake, excessive exercise, or purging (self-induced vomiting or laxative use), resulting in a distorted body image.
Significant physiological implications: dry skin, lanugo hair, hypothermia, cardiovascular problems, electrolyte imbalances, gastrointestinal complications.
Psychological implications: need for control, resistance to treatment, body-image disturbances, restricted emotions, obsessionality/perfectionism, obsession with food, hyperactivity, and social avoidance.
Disordered eating sits on a spectrum, with practices that can become clinically diagnosable eating disorders (Wells et al., 2020).
Risk factors include specific sport type (e.g. lean/aesthetic sports), transition periods, injuries, weight/body shape pressures, and pressures from coaches and media.

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Description

This quiz delves into the cognitive appraisals and psychological responses athletes experience during rehabilitation from injuries. It explores how various factors affect an athlete's perception of their injury and the role of coping resources. Additionally, the quiz covers the Integrated Model of Psychological Response to Sport Injury.