Psychological Development: Influencing Factors

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Questions and Answers

Which statement best describes the interaction between heredity and environmental factors in psychological development?

  • Hereditary and environmental factors engage in a continuous, reciprocal relationship. (correct)
  • Hereditary and environmental factors operate independently, each influencing distinct traits.
  • Environment is the primary driver of development, with heredity playing a minor role.
  • Heredity sets the limits, and environment determines where within those limits an individual will fall.

According to the biopsychosocial model, which of the following factors could influence mental wellbeing most effectively?

  • Focusing solely on social support networks.
  • Addressing a combination of biological, psychological and social factors. (correct)
  • Prioritising psychological interventions above all else.
  • Targeting only biological factors.

What is a key difference between emotional and cognitive development?

  • Cognitive development is considered an aspect of psychological development, whereas emotional development relates specifically to processing of information. (correct)
  • Emotional development is heavily influenced by genetics, while cognitive development is shaped by environmental factors.
  • Emotional development primarily involves changes in thought processes, while cognitive development involves the regulation of feelings.
  • Emotional regulation generally improves with age, whereas cognitive abilities are more fixed across a lifetime.

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the concept of 'tabula rasa'?

<p>An individual's personality is primarily shaped by their early childhood experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the central conflict during adolescence?

<p>Identity versus role confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of genetic predisposition suggest about the development of psychological disorders?

<p>Individuals may have an increased likelihood of developing a disorder if certain conditions are met. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of biological factors influencing psychological functioning according to the biopsychosocial model?

<p>Genetic predispositions to mental illness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a secure attachment in infancy influence later development?

<p>It can enhance their ability to understand and express emotions throughout their lifespan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ability differentiates the concrete operational stage from the formal operational stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development?

<p>The ability to think logically about abstract concepts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario most clearly illustrates the concept of a 'critical period' in development?

<p>A child deprived of language exposure in early childhood never fully develops normal language abilities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the best summary of the nature versus nurture debate?

<p>The debate has been resolved, showing that both genetics and environment interact in complex ways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the biopsychosocial model emphasize about mental wellbeing?

<p>The interactions among biological, psychological, and social factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a child masters object permanence, according to Piaget's theory, which stage are they in?

<p>Sensorimotor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does the frontal lobe reach full development?

<p>Adulthood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is optimal development of speech?

<p>Infancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can high levels of mental wellbeing not be attained from?

<p>Addressing at least one factor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these factors is not said to influence social development?

<p>Self-esteem factors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does secure attachment mean?

<p>Feeling calmed in the presence of the caregiver (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of emotional intelligence.

<p>An individuals ability to monitor their our and others' emotions and use this information to guide their thoughts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the below is not recognised in the biopsychosocial model?

<p>Emotional (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is these options is not associated with insecure attachment?

<p>Feeling valued by others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If twins are separated at birth, does this mean all outcomes will be different?

<p>No, because there are some fixed characteristics from genes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phrases best captures the meaning of heritability?

<p>the part of individual differences in the population that is because of genetics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process is said to be important in strengthening communication within areas of the brain?.

<p>Synaptic plasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can influence a child's social development both explicitly and implicitly?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the caregiver of a child who is 6 months old isn't consistently reliable through care, which of Eriksons' stages can the child be impacted.

<p>Trust vs mistrust (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The theory that certain skills need to develop is known as?

<p>Critical period hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no impact on my abilities once I surpass the developmental period this statement is associated with which of the following development periods?

<p>Critical periods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is the correct chronological stages?

<p>Infant, Toddler, Pre-Schooler, Primary Schooler (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which choice properly classifies a factor and its impact on development?

<p>Family life as a social influence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When the needs of the infant are not reliably met and if this child grows they will most likely develop?

<p>Mistrust. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Following a secure attachment what is said to have potential to develop?

<p>Skills to assist individual with challenging social standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age should those be able to experience initiative?

<p>3-6 years. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with attachment?

<p>Bowlby (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is is possible to apply what is learnt to mental wellbeing?

<p>Absolutely. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is there an influence in early life for psychological development on people?

<p>Yes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychological development

An individual's changes in functioning across multiple domains, including lifelong growth across emotional, cognitive, and social areas.

Hereditary factors

Factors that influence development, passed genetically from biological parents to offspring.

Environmental factors

Factors that influence development arising from an individual's physical and social surroundings.

Nature versus nurture

The debate if development is impacted by hereditary (nature) or environmental (nurture) factors.

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Genetic predisposition

Increased likelihood to develop traits/diseases if certain conditions are met.

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Nurture (Tabula Rasa)

Belief that humans shaped by their environment, experiences, and social interactions.

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Biopsychosocial model

Holistic framework understanding the human experience (bio-psycho-social).

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Mental wellbeing

An individuals current psychological state to think, process information, and regulate emotions.

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Emotional development

Continuous, lifelong development of skills to control, express, recognize emotions.

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Attachment

Long-lasting bond between two individuals, influencing their emotional experience.

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Cognitive development

Continuous, lifelong development of abilities to think, comprehend, organize information.

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Jean Piaget

Theorist of cognitive development through four stages (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational).

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Social development

Continous development of skills/attitudes enabling one to interact within society.

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Erik Erikson

Identified psychosocial crises shaping development across the lifespan.

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Maturation

Biologically programmed growth with a fixed sequence, facilitating our development.

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Plasticity the maturation

The brains ability to physically change shape in response to the impact of experience and learning

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Critical periods

A narrow, rigid developmental period for specific skill/function to be learnt.

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Sensitive periods

Optimal developmental period for specific skill/function to be learnt easily.

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Study Notes

  • Psychological development depends on complex interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors
  • Individuals can grow and change psychologically throughout their lives, and are not fixed from birth,
  • To consider psychological development, interactive influences of hereditary and environmental factors are essential
  • Emotional, cognitive, and social development are key to the evaluation of models and theories across the life span

Normality and Neurotypicality

  • Atypical psychological development in individuals may be culturally defined, classified, and categorized
  • Neurodiversity helps illustrate normal cognitive variations
  • Mental health personnel like psychologists/psychiatrists, and organizations help support psychological development
  • They also aid in the diagnosis and management of atypical behavior
  • Understanding atypical behavior helps in exploration/treatment of selected mental disorders

Factors Influencing Psychological Development

  • Hereditary and environmental factors interactively influence a person's psychological development
  • The biopsychosocial approach serves as a model for considering psychological development and mental wellbeing
  • Emotional, cognitive and social aspects of psychological development change over the lifespan
  • Sensitive and critical periods play a role in a person's psychological development

Nature vs Nurture

  • It is greatly explored in psychology whether individual biology (nature) external worlds (nurture) having a greater impact
  • Development encompasses changes across emotional, social, and cognitive growth
  • Psychological development also involves changes in functioning
  • Changes occur, so we don't even realize until there's differences in our abilities
  • Main domains of psychological development include cognitive, emotional, and social growth

Aspects of Psychological Development

  • Cognitive development involves changes in thought as we age
  • It includes a more sophisticated production of thought and the ability to comprehend/organize info from either inside or outside
  • Emotional development involves lifelong changes in skills that allow expression/recognition in an appropriate way – Social development involves lifelong changes in skills that allow effective interaction with others

Hereditary and Environmental Factors

  • Human development is influenced by both hereditary and environmental factors
  • Hereditary factors are genetically passed down from biological parents to their offspring
  • Environmental factors come from an individual's physical and social surroundings

Schools of Thought

  • One emphasizes hereditary factors, where each individual is biologically unique
  • The other focuses on environmental factors, where experiences shape individuals
  • Now known as the 'nature versus nurture' debate, questions factors of dependency over the other

Nature

  • Development is directly caused by genetic composition, also known as hereditary factors
  • Aspects such as intelligence, personality, and interests are predestined at birth
  • Hair/eye colour showcases expression of genes that already predetermine traits

Genetic Predisposition

  • Hereditary factors influence traits through genetic predisposition
  • Genetic predisposition pertains to potential to develop given conditions, like mental health disorders

Nurture

  • Humans are shaped by environment, experiences, geography, and social circle
  • John Locke coined in latin the term 'tabula rasa', meaning 'blank slate'
  • Parents/caregivers shape kids development with teaching right/wrong skills

Behaviorism

  • Stimuli/Behavior relationship proposed by John Watson
  • Individuals can learn by experiencing the rewards and punishments
  • Environmental factors shaping development include:
    • Education/Socioeconomic status/Cultural Expectations/Religious Rituals and Practices/Social Groups
    • Physical Surroundings/Early Childhood Experiences
  • Psychological development is a product of interaction between hereditary and environ factors

Electricity Analogy

  • Electricity allows light but switch needs to flick to occur (environmental trigger)
  • Interaction involves ongoing relationship, each individual's genes impacting what who they are becoming

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