Psychological Assessments Quiz

Principles of Psychological Assessment: Intelligence Testing and Ethical Issues

• Various definitions of intelligence have been proposed, including abstract thinking, adaptability, and the ability to acquire and use knowledge.

• Models of intelligence need to explain the positive correlation between different tasks and factors within tasks.

• Lumper and splitter models of intelligence have been proposed, with Charles Spearman's "G" test and Guilford's 120 independent factors being examples of each, respectively.

• Thurstone's primary abilities model broke intelligence down into seven factors, including verbal comprehension and perceptual speed.

• Veron's hierarchical model identified two clumps of factors related to verbal and practical abilities, with specific tasks fitting into these factors.

• John Carroll's CHC model is the most current and universal model, with eight broad abilities to measure intelligence and individual tasks measured beyond that.

• Fluid intelligence (Gf) is the ability to solve novel problems, while crystallized intelligence (Gc) depends on learned knowledge.

• Intelligence is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, such as prenatal and early developmental influences and family background.

• Individual tests provide more clinical information, while group tests are more efficient but may not cater to individual differences.

• The Wechsler Intelligence Scales are the most commonly used individual IQ tests, and subtests measure verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed.

• IQ test scores are typically represented by a standard deviation, with most scores falling within two standard deviations.

• Ethical issues in psychological assessment require a code of conduct to ensure the welfare of those using psychological services and the integrity of the profession.Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists in Australia and Self-Report Inventories for Personality Assessment

• The Australian Psychological Society (APS) and Psychology Board of Australia have established ethical guidelines for psychologists in Australia, which include principles of respect, propriety, and integrity.

• Justice, respect, informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, release of information, and collection of client information from associated parties are ethical standards that psychologists must follow.

• When conducting assessments for culturally and linguistically diverse clients, psychologists must be aware of language and cultural biases and seek advice from relevant cultural consultants if necessary.

• Informed consent is necessary for psychological assessments, and psychologists must explain the purpose of the assessment, the assessment process, to whom information will be disclosed, and how reports will be stored.

• Psychological assessment information must be used only for the purposes for which it was first collected and with client consent.

• Propriety includes competence, professional responsibility, provision of psychological services to benefit, and not to harm, and protection of the interests of clients and the public.

• Competent conducting of psychological assessments includes determining the need for assessment, choosing appropriate assessment procedures, accurately scoring and interpreting results, and effectively communicating results.

• Self-report inventories (SRIs) are questionnaires that possess psychometric properties, measure traits, and can be used to assess both normal and abnormal personality.

• SRIs can be answered using absolute, comparative, or forced-choice response formats.

• Advantages of SRIs include ease of construction, administration to groups, and time and cost-effectiveness.

• Disadvantages of SRIs include self-deception, response tendencies, and the assumption that the respondent can be accurate.

• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used SRI that includes clinical and validity scales, content scales, and additional validity measures. The Sixteen (16) Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is another widely used SRI.Overview of Personality and Projective Techniques

• The text discusses various personality assessment tools, including self-report questionnaires and projective techniques.

• The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) measures personality traits across 16 factors, such as warmth, reasoning, and sensitivity.

• The NEO PI-3 is based on the Five Factor Model of personality traits and includes 240 self-report items rated on a 5-point scale.

• The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is designed to assess personality disorders and symptoms associated with them.

• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assesses personality using Jung's classification and includes four bipolar dimensions.

• Projective techniques require the client to respond to ambiguous stimuli and are based on the projective hypothesis that the client will "project" their characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors onto the material.

• The Rorschach inkblot test includes 10 symmetrical inkblots and two phases of testing: association and inquiry.

• The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) includes 31 cards with ambiguous pictures, and the respondent constructs a story based on the scene.

• Sentence completion tests, such as the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank, ask respondents to complete a sentence stem to express their real feelings.

• Draw-a-Person tests ask respondents to draw one or more people and are administered and scored relatively quickly.

• Norms for these tests are often based on westernized samples, and there are concerns about test fairness and bias.

• The Queensland Test was designed for people with little contact with western urbanized culture, such as Aboriginal Australians living outside urbanized settings.

• The text highlights the reliability and validity concerns of projective techniques and the need for more research in this area.Psychological Testing and Assessment: Key Concepts and Tools

• The testing procedure involves presenting a pattern on a set of 4 cubes, which the person being tested imitates.

• Patterns increase in difficulty, and it is assumed that subjects will learn how to do the test by imitation.

• Test bias is a statistical term that refers to whether a test or procedure systematically predicts one group in favor of another.

• There are two types of test bias: slope bias and intercept bias, with the latter most commonly associated with the notion of test fairness or unfairness.

• The determination of test bias is an objective/data-driven procedure, usually based on a test's predictive validity.

• The Wechsler tests are designed for adults, children, and preschoolers, and consist of subtests assessing different cognitive functions.

• The WISC-IV has 15 subtests, and the scores are used to measure Fullscale IQ, Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index.

• Subtest scores on the WISC-IV contribute to the index scores, which are used to examine the child's cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

• The 16PF provides scores on 16 primary factors of personality, which combine to make 5 global factors, and scores are presented as STEN scores.

• High and low scores on the 16PF do not indicate abnormality, as the test is a measure of normal personality.

• There are also 3 validity indices on the 16PF to detect response styles: IM, ACQ, and INF.

• The desired attribute for a reality TV position was emotionally stable, self-assured, self-disciplined, outgoing, and enterprising, with Rambo scoring high on emotional stability, self-assurance, and self-control, but low on extraversion and social boldness.

Principles of Psychological Assessment: Intelligence Testing and Ethical Issues

• Various definitions of intelligence have been proposed, including abstract thinking, adaptability, and the ability to acquire and use knowledge.

• Models of intelligence need to explain the positive correlation between different tasks and factors within tasks.

• Lumper and splitter models of intelligence have been proposed, with Charles Spearman's "G" test and Guilford's 120 independent factors being examples of each, respectively.

• Thurstone's primary abilities model broke intelligence down into seven factors, including verbal comprehension and perceptual speed.

• Veron's hierarchical model identified two clumps of factors related to verbal and practical abilities, with specific tasks fitting into these factors.

• John Carroll's CHC model is the most current and universal model, with eight broad abilities to measure intelligence and individual tasks measured beyond that.

• Fluid intelligence (Gf) is the ability to solve novel problems, while crystallized intelligence (Gc) depends on learned knowledge.

• Intelligence is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors, such as prenatal and early developmental influences and family background.

• Individual tests provide more clinical information, while group tests are more efficient but may not cater to individual differences.

• The Wechsler Intelligence Scales are the most commonly used individual IQ tests, and subtests measure verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed.

• IQ test scores are typically represented by a standard deviation, with most scores falling within two standard deviations.

• Ethical issues in psychological assessment require a code of conduct to ensure the welfare of those using psychological services and the integrity of the profession.Ethical Guidelines for Psychologists in Australia and Self-Report Inventories for Personality Assessment

• The Australian Psychological Society (APS) and Psychology Board of Australia have established ethical guidelines for psychologists in Australia, which include principles of respect, propriety, and integrity.

• Justice, respect, informed consent, privacy, confidentiality, release of information, and collection of client information from associated parties are ethical standards that psychologists must follow.

• When conducting assessments for culturally and linguistically diverse clients, psychologists must be aware of language and cultural biases and seek advice from relevant cultural consultants if necessary.

• Informed consent is necessary for psychological assessments, and psychologists must explain the purpose of the assessment, the assessment process, to whom information will be disclosed, and how reports will be stored.

• Psychological assessment information must be used only for the purposes for which it was first collected and with client consent.

• Propriety includes competence, professional responsibility, provision of psychological services to benefit, and not to harm, and protection of the interests of clients and the public.

• Competent conducting of psychological assessments includes determining the need for assessment, choosing appropriate assessment procedures, accurately scoring and interpreting results, and effectively communicating results.

• Self-report inventories (SRIs) are questionnaires that possess psychometric properties, measure traits, and can be used to assess both normal and abnormal personality.

• SRIs can be answered using absolute, comparative, or forced-choice response formats.

• Advantages of SRIs include ease of construction, administration to groups, and time and cost-effectiveness.

• Disadvantages of SRIs include self-deception, response tendencies, and the assumption that the respondent can be accurate.

• The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a widely used SRI that includes clinical and validity scales, content scales, and additional validity measures. The Sixteen (16) Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) is another widely used SRI.Overview of Personality and Projective Techniques

• The text discusses various personality assessment tools, including self-report questionnaires and projective techniques.

• The 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF) measures personality traits across 16 factors, such as warmth, reasoning, and sensitivity.

• The NEO PI-3 is based on the Five Factor Model of personality traits and includes 240 self-report items rated on a 5-point scale.

• The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is designed to assess personality disorders and symptoms associated with them.

• The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) assesses personality using Jung's classification and includes four bipolar dimensions.

• Projective techniques require the client to respond to ambiguous stimuli and are based on the projective hypothesis that the client will "project" their characteristic thoughts, feelings, and behaviors onto the material.

• The Rorschach inkblot test includes 10 symmetrical inkblots and two phases of testing: association and inquiry.

• The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) includes 31 cards with ambiguous pictures, and the respondent constructs a story based on the scene.

• Sentence completion tests, such as the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank, ask respondents to complete a sentence stem to express their real feelings.

• Draw-a-Person tests ask respondents to draw one or more people and are administered and scored relatively quickly.

• Norms for these tests are often based on westernized samples, and there are concerns about test fairness and bias.

• The Queensland Test was designed for people with little contact with western urbanized culture, such as Aboriginal Australians living outside urbanized settings.

• The text highlights the reliability and validity concerns of projective techniques and the need for more research in this area.Psychological Testing and Assessment: Key Concepts and Tools

• The testing procedure involves presenting a pattern on a set of 4 cubes, which the person being tested imitates.

• Patterns increase in difficulty, and it is assumed that subjects will learn how to do the test by imitation.

• Test bias is a statistical term that refers to whether a test or procedure systematically predicts one group in favor of another.

• There are two types of test bias: slope bias and intercept bias, with the latter most commonly associated with the notion of test fairness or unfairness.

• The determination of test bias is an objective/data-driven procedure, usually based on a test's predictive validity.

• The Wechsler tests are designed for adults, children, and preschoolers, and consist of subtests assessing different cognitive functions.

• The WISC-IV has 15 subtests, and the scores are used to measure Fullscale IQ, Verbal Comprehension Index, Perceptual Reasoning Index, Working Memory Index, and Processing Speed Index.

• Subtest scores on the WISC-IV contribute to the index scores, which are used to examine the child's cognitive strengths and weaknesses.

• The 16PF provides scores on 16 primary factors of personality, which combine to make 5 global factors, and scores are presented as STEN scores.

• High and low scores on the 16PF do not indicate abnormality, as the test is a measure of normal personality.

• There are also 3 validity indices on the 16PF to detect response styles: IM, ACQ, and INF.

• The desired attribute for a reality TV position was emotionally stable, self-assured, self-disciplined, outgoing, and enterprising, with Rambo scoring high on emotional stability, self-assurance, and self-control, but low on extraversion and social boldness.