Psychoanalytic Theory: Basic Concepts Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the central focus of healthy personality development in psychoanalytic theory?

  • How parents manage a child's early sexual and aggressive drives (correct)
  • The importance of oral gratification during the oral stage
  • The influence of fixation on adult traits
  • How children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

    • Which psychosexual stage is associated with conflicts related to toilet training?

  • Phallic stage
  • Anal stage (correct)
  • Latency stage
  • Oral stage

    • What term describes a situation when a child's sexual desires are either overly satisfied or undersatisfied?

  • Regression
  • Suppression
  • Fixation (correct)
  • Projection

    • Which psychosexual stage involves conflict resolution related to the Oedipus complex and Electra complex?

    <p>Phallic stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adult trait is associated with fixation during the oral stage according to psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Alcoholism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which psychosexual stage does a period of sexual calmness occur with an interest in school and hobbies?

    <p>Latency stage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which defense mechanism is NOT commonly associated with fixation during the anal stage?

    <p>Promiscuity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the psychoanalytic approach primarily recognize in terms of implications for human development?

    <p>The influence of early childhood experiences on adult personality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of adaptation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

    <p>To modify familiar schemes to interpret new experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive process involves making sense of new experiences by incorporating them into existing knowledge according to Piaget?

    <p>Assimilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's stage theory of development?

    <p>Presence of object permanence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's cognitive development theory, what does the concept of accommodation primarily involve?

    <p>Modifying familiar schemes to adapt to new information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of assimilation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

    <p>Interpreting new experiences using existing knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of adaptation involves changing existing mental frameworks in light of new information?

    <p>Accommodation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary developmental challenge in the Sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

    <p>Achieving object permanence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of development according to the text?

    <p>Development of symbolic thoughts and languages (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is associated with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory?

    <p>Scaffolding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?

    <p>The potential level a child can reach with guidance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of development involves logical mental operations applied to concrete events?

    <p>Concrete operational stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key aspect of Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory regarding cognitive development?

    <p>Emphasis on social context in cognitive development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term is used for the process of guidance in learning through questions, demonstrations, and explanations?

    <p>Assisted discovery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of development involves logical mental operations on abstract ideas?

    <p>Formal operational stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept defines the distance between a child's actual performance level and their potential performance with assistance?

    <p>Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

    <p>Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to increase behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what does a fixed ratio schedule mean?

    <p>Reward is provided after a fixed number of responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of schedule of reinforcement involves reward being provided after an unpredictably varying amount of time?

    <p>Variable interval schedule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment?

    <p>Positive punishment adds a stimulus to decrease behavior, while negative punishment removes a stimulus to decrease behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which reinforcement process leads to more hard work due to receiving a bonus for working hard?

    <p>Positive reinforcement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key element of variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>The reward frequency changes unpredictably based on responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what happens in negative reinforcement?

    <p>An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase desired behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of schedule of reinforcement is akin to monthly salary payment?

    <p>Fixed interval schedule (FI) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Urie Bronfenbrenner argue in his Ecological Systems theory?

    <p>Individuals develop within a multi-layered system of relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to systems theories, why is it insufficient to just identify each component of a system?

    <p>Because the interactions among components are crucial to understanding the system as a whole (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory?

    <p>It involves interactions between different microsystems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory focuses on changes that do not directly involve the individual, but impact them?

    <p>Exosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'Chronosystem' refer to in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory?

    <p>Environmental events and transitions over one's life (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Psychosocial theory, what does the framework emphasize in terms of development?

    <p>Interplay among biological, psychological, and societal systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of development outlined in Psychosocial theory?

    <p>&quot;Developmental tasks vs. Psychosocial crisis&quot; (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves a child's interactions within their immediate context or setting?

    <p>&quot;Microsystem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe individuals who are best suited to their environment and most likely to survive and reproduce?

    <p>Fit individuals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the adaptive value of reproductive functions in the context of evolution theory?

    <p>Long-term adaptation and fitness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In psychoanalytic theory, what is housed in the 'Unconsciousness' according to Freud?

    <p>Primitive motives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used by Freud to describe the sexual and aggressive forces that seek satisfaction?

    <p>Libido (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychoanalytic theory, which structure of personality focuses on moral values and ideals?

    <p>Superego (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Freud describe the Id in psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>'I want' (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives behavior according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Libido and aggressive forces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, what does the term 'assimilation' refer to?

    <p>The tendency to use existing schemes to interpret new experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of adaptation, as outlined in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

    <p>To modify familiar schemes to interpret new experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's stage theory of development, which stage is characterized by a lack of object permanence?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of Piaget's concept of 'accommodation'?

    <p>To change existing schemes in light of new information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development?

    <p>Guidance in learning through questions and explanations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is associated with changing existing mental frameworks in light of new information according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?

    <p>Accommodation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

    <p>Assimilation is about changing existing schemes, while accommodation involves using existing schemes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the 4 major factors involved in imitation learning according to Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cultural leaders like parents or teachers transmit values to the next generation according to the text?

    <p>Through modeling and reinforcement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cultural determinism propose according to the text?

    <p>Expectations, resources, and challenges in a specific cultural group influence people's psychological experiences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of enculturation in shaping people's behaviors?

    <p>Shapes people's behaviors through cultural expectations and challenges (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does culture influence our worldview according to the text?

    <p>By shaping how we interpret our circumstances (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 major factors involved in imitation learning in Social Learning Theory?

    <p>Cultural determinism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of cultural leaders like parents or teachers in transmitting values to the next generation?

    <p>Modeling behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between positive reinforcement and positive punishment?

    <p>Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase behavior, while positive punishment involves removing a stimulus to decrease behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

    <p>Rewards are provided after a varied amount of time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example best illustrates negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

    <p>Losing the privilege to hang out with friends due to breaking curfew. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement from a variable ratio schedule?

    <p>Fixed ratio schedule provides rewards after a fixed number of responses, while variable ratio provides rewards after an unpredictably varying number of responses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes negative punishment?

    <p>Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In operant conditioning, what does a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement entail?

    <p>Rewards are provided after a fixed amount of time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does negative reinforcement differ from negative punishment in operant conditioning?

    <p>Negative reinforcement involves removing an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior, while negative punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to systems theories, why is it important to consider the relationships among the components found within a system?

    <p>To fully understand the whole system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory focuses on environmental events and transitions over one's life?

    <p>Macrosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Psychosocial theory, what does the concept of psychosocial crisis refer to?

    <p>An individual's internal psychological conflicts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory involves settings that do not involve the person directly but have an impact on them?

    <p>Exosystem (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Urie Bronfenbrenner argue about individuals' development in his Ecological Systems theory?

    <p>Individuals develop within a multi-layered system of relationships (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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