Psychoanalytic Theory: Basic Concepts Quiz

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What is the central focus of healthy personality development in psychoanalytic theory?

How parents manage a child's early sexual and aggressive drives (correct)

The importance of oral gratification during the oral stage

The influence of fixation on adult traits

How children resolve conflicts between biological drives and social expectations

Which psychosexual stage is associated with conflicts related to toilet training?

Phallic stage

Anal stage (correct)

Latency stage

Oral stage

What term describes a situation when a child's sexual desires are either overly satisfied or undersatisfied?

Regression

Suppression

Fixation (correct)

Projection

Which psychosexual stage involves conflict resolution related to the Oedipus complex and Electra complex?

Phallic stage Signup and view all the answers

What adult trait is associated with fixation during the oral stage according to psychoanalytic theory?

Alcoholism Signup and view all the answers

During which psychosexual stage does a period of sexual calmness occur with an interest in school and hobbies?

Latency stage Signup and view all the answers

Which defense mechanism is NOT commonly associated with fixation during the anal stage?

Promiscuity Signup and view all the answers

What does the psychoanalytic approach primarily recognize in terms of implications for human development?

The influence of early childhood experiences on adult personality Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of adaptation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

To modify familiar schemes to interpret new experiences Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive process involves making sense of new experiences by incorporating them into existing knowledge according to Piaget?

Assimilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of the Sensorimotor stage in Piaget's stage theory of development?

Presence of object permanence Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's cognitive development theory, what does the concept of accommodation primarily involve?

Modifying familiar schemes to adapt to new information Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of assimilation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Interpreting new experiences using existing knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Which component of adaptation involves changing existing mental frameworks in light of new information?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary developmental challenge in the Sensorimotor stage according to Piaget?

Achieving object permanence Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the preoperational stage of development according to the text?

Development of symbolic thoughts and languages Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is associated with Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory?

Scaffolding Signup and view all the answers

What does the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) represent?

The potential level a child can reach with guidance Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development involves logical mental operations applied to concrete events?

Concrete operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of Vygotsky's Sociocultural theory regarding cognitive development?

Emphasis on social context in cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What term is used for the process of guidance in learning through questions, demonstrations, and explanations?

Assisted discovery Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of development involves logical mental operations on abstract ideas?

Formal operational stage Signup and view all the answers

What concept defines the distance between a child's actual performance level and their potential performance with assistance?

Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?

Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase behavior, while negative reinforcement involves removing a stimulus to increase behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does a fixed ratio schedule mean?

Reward is provided after a fixed number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of schedule of reinforcement involves reward being provided after an unpredictably varying amount of time?

Variable interval schedule Signup and view all the answers

How does positive punishment differ from negative punishment?

Positive punishment adds a stimulus to decrease behavior, while negative punishment removes a stimulus to decrease behavior. Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement process leads to more hard work due to receiving a bonus for working hard?

Positive reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What is the key element of variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

The reward frequency changes unpredictably based on responses. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what happens in negative reinforcement?

An unpleasant stimulus is removed to increase desired behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What type of schedule of reinforcement is akin to monthly salary payment?

Fixed interval schedule (FI) Signup and view all the answers

What does Urie Bronfenbrenner argue in his Ecological Systems theory?

Individuals develop within a multi-layered system of relationships Signup and view all the answers

According to systems theories, why is it insufficient to just identify each component of a system?

Because the interactions among components are crucial to understanding the system as a whole Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the mesosystem in Bronfenbrenner's theory?

It involves interactions between different microsystems Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory focuses on changes that do not directly involve the individual, but impact them?

Exosystem Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Chronosystem' refer to in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory?

Environmental events and transitions over one's life Signup and view all the answers

In Psychosocial theory, what does the framework emphasize in terms of development?

Interplay among biological, psychological, and societal systems Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of development outlined in Psychosocial theory?

"Developmental tasks vs. Psychosocial crisis" Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Systems theory involves a child's interactions within their immediate context or setting?

"Microsystem Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe individuals who are best suited to their environment and most likely to survive and reproduce?

Fit individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the adaptive value of reproductive functions in the context of evolution theory?

Long-term adaptation and fitness Signup and view all the answers

In psychoanalytic theory, what is housed in the 'Unconsciousness' according to Freud?

Primitive motives Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used by Freud to describe the sexual and aggressive forces that seek satisfaction?

Libido Signup and view all the answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, which structure of personality focuses on moral values and ideals?

Superego Signup and view all the answers

How does Freud describe the Id in psychoanalytic theory?

'I want' Signup and view all the answers

What drives behavior according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Libido and aggressive forces Signup and view all the answers

According to Piaget's cognitive development theory, what does the term 'assimilation' refer to?

The tendency to use existing schemes to interpret new experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of adaptation, as outlined in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

To modify familiar schemes to interpret new experiences Signup and view all the answers

In Piaget's stage theory of development, which stage is characterized by a lack of object permanence?

Sensorimotor stage Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of Piaget's concept of 'accommodation'?

To change existing schemes in light of new information Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of cognitive development?

Guidance in learning through questions and explanations Signup and view all the answers

Which process is associated with changing existing mental frameworks in light of new information according to Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Accommodation Signup and view all the answers

What is the major difference between assimilation and accommodation in Piaget's cognitive development theory?

Assimilation is about changing existing schemes, while accommodation involves using existing schemes. Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 major factors involved in imitation learning according to Social Learning Theory?

Attention, Memory, Imitation, Motivation Signup and view all the answers

How do cultural leaders like parents or teachers transmit values to the next generation according to the text?

Through modeling and reinforcement Signup and view all the answers

What does cultural determinism propose according to the text?

Expectations, resources, and challenges in a specific cultural group influence people's psychological experiences Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of enculturation in shaping people's behaviors?

Shapes people's behaviors through cultural expectations and challenges Signup and view all the answers

How does culture influence our worldview according to the text?

By shaping how we interpret our circumstances Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the 4 major factors involved in imitation learning in Social Learning Theory?

Cultural determinism Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of cultural leaders like parents or teachers in transmitting values to the next generation?

Modeling behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between positive reinforcement and positive punishment?

Positive reinforcement involves adding a stimulus to increase behavior, while positive punishment involves removing a stimulus to decrease behavior. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of a variable interval schedule of reinforcement?

Rewards are provided after a varied amount of time. Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates negative reinforcement in operant conditioning?

Losing the privilege to hang out with friends due to breaking curfew. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement from a variable ratio schedule?

Fixed ratio schedule provides rewards after a fixed number of responses, while variable ratio provides rewards after an unpredictably varying number of responses. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes negative punishment?

Negative punishment involves removing a desirable stimulus to decrease behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what does a fixed interval schedule of reinforcement entail?

Rewards are provided after a fixed amount of time. Signup and view all the answers

How does negative reinforcement differ from negative punishment in operant conditioning?

Negative reinforcement involves removing an undesirable stimulus to increase behavior, while negative punishment involves adding an aversive stimulus to decrease behavior. Signup and view all the answers

According to systems theories, why is it important to consider the relationships among the components found within a system?

To fully understand the whole system Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Urie Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory focuses on environmental events and transitions over one's life?

Macrosystem Signup and view all the answers

In Psychosocial theory, what does the concept of psychosocial crisis refer to?

An individual's internal psychological conflicts Signup and view all the answers

Which system in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological Systems theory involves settings that do not involve the person directly but have an impact on them?