Psychoactive Drugs
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary effect of depressants on the central nervous system?

  • Accelerating neural activity and cognitive function.
  • Slowing down neural activity. (correct)
  • Creating a sense of increased energy and alertness.
  • Heightening sensory perception and awareness.

Which of these is the most accurate description of 'designer drugs'?

  • Manufactured substances intended for recreational use, often derived from approved drugs to bypass legal restrictions. (correct)
  • Drugs primarily designed for use in medical research and rarely available on the street.
  • Illicit substances created to mimic therapeutic drugs but without any psychoactive effects.
  • Substances primarily used in the fashion industry to enhance clothing and accessories.

What is the main purpose of drug treatment court programs?

  • To provide an alternative to incarceration for drug-using offenders through rehabilitation and treatment. (correct)
  • To exclusively punish drug-using offenders with long prison sentences.
  • To offer job training to repeat offenders regardless of their substance abuse issues.
  • To expedite the processing of drug-related cases through the court system without addressing underlying issues.

Which amendment to the U.S. Constitution initiated national Prohibition?

<p>The 18th Amendment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of 'eradication' as it relates to illegal drug production?

<p>The destruction of plants used in the production of illegal drugs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of drugs is known for altering one's thought processes, mood, and perceptions?

<p>Hallucinogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of 'harm reduction' strategies in drug policy?

<p>To lessen the risks and harms associated with illegal drug use. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main requirement of the Harrison Act?

<p>Mandated doctors needed a license to prescribe narcotics. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Heroin is best described as:

<p>A chemically modified form of morphine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of inhalants compared to other drug types?

<p>They are rarely taken by any method other than inhalation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

‘Interdiction’ in the context of drug control refers to:

<p>Implementing steps to interrupt illicit drug trafficking. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the 'maintenance' approach to drug policy?

<p>Advocating for the accessibility of drugs through governmental regulation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Marihuana Tax Act primarily focused on:

<p>Taxing the growers, distributors, sellers, and buyers of marijuana. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following effects on the body makes morphine one of the most effective drugs?

<p>Relief of severe physical pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxycodone is classified as:

<p>A synthetic narcotic pain reliever. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment repealed the 18th Amendment, ending the Prohibition era in the United States?

<p>The 21st Amendment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are steroids primarily used for, medically?

<p>As synthetically produced variations of the male sex hormone testosterone, approved for some medical and veterinary uses. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following identifies a substance that creates a sense of energy, alertness and talkativeness?

<p>Stimulant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tranquilizers are a type of:

<p>Depressant used to treat anxiety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the tripartite conceptual framework, psychopharmacological violence refers to:

<p>Violence that is directly induced by the use of a specific drug. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the policy of decriminalization?

<p>Reducing penalties for minor offenses, like marijuana possession. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the effects of amphetamine?

<p>Its effect is similar to cocaine, but the onset is slower and the duration is longer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of ethanol??

<p>It is rapidly absorbed through the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following occurs during binge drinking?

<p>A person drinks so much alcohol within a two-hour period that it results in at least a 0.08% blood alcohol concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a sign of barbiturate use?

<p>A wide continuum of central nervous system depression, up to a coma. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a historical understanding of drug trends essential for appreciating current societal perspectives on substance use?

<p>Understanding the past legality and illegality of substances, like cocaine and alcohol, provides context for present-day attitudes and regulations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Tripartite Conceptual Framework, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies economically compulsive violence related to substance use?

<p>An individual commits robbery to obtain money to purchase drugs to satisfy their addiction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario most accurately reflects the dynamic and multifaceted relationship between substance use and crime?

<p>A complex interplay influenced by individual factors, group dynamics, societal norms, and historical context, defying simple causal explanations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the varying legal statuses of substances (legal, illegal, legal with prescription), what critical implication arises regarding the definition of 'drugs' and their relation to crime?

<p>The definition of 'drugs' is fluid, influenced by legal and social factors, making the relationship between substance use and crime complex and context-dependent. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a systemic source of violence as explained by the Tripartite Conceptual Framework?

<p>Two rival drug cartels engage in a shootout over territory and drug distribution routes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided information, which of the following statements most accurately reflects the relationship between drug abuse and crime?

<p>There is a direct correlation between the type of drug abused and the types of crimes committed, primarily driven by the need to acquire drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the study in Zahedan central prison, how does the abuse of opiate drugs such as opium affect the type of crime committed?

<p>Opiate abuse is strongly linked to drug-related crimes, robbery, murder, armed robbery and occasionally kidnapping. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the Zahedan study, what is the primary implication of the finding that increased drug abuse is associated with a higher delinquency rate?

<p>The cycle of needing to acquire drugs can lead to crimes such as smuggling, drug dealing, and theft. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the data from Australia and the United States, what general conclusion can be drawn regarding the prevalence of drug abuse among incarcerated populations?

<p>Drug abuse is a strong risk factor for incarceration and tends to exist before imprisonment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the types of crimes associated with hallucinogenic drug abuse (hashish, methamphetamine, psychotropic pills) in the Zahedan study, which intervention strategy would be most effective in addressing this issue?

<p>Providing targeted vocational training and job placement programs for individuals with a history of hallucinogenic drug abuse. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best synthesizes the concept of the cycle of poverty, addiction, and crime, as described in the context?

<p>Addiction leads to poverty, which then results in crime as individuals seek illegal means to support their drug habit, perpetuating the cycle. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the age of addiction onset (average 20.77 years in the Zahedan study) influence the types of crimes committed by addicted prisoners?

<p>Early addiction may disrupt educational and vocational development, leading to crimes of opportunity to sustain drug habits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given the prevalence of drug-related crimes among addicted prisoners, which strategy would be most effective in breaking the cycle of drug abuse and crime within the prison system?

<p>Integrating vocational training, educational programs, and cognitive-behavioral therapy to address both addiction and criminal behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do drug policies that prioritize punishment and incarceration align with or contradict the study's conclusions regarding the relationship between drug abuse and crime?

<p>Punitive drug policies may perpetuate the cycle of poverty, addiction, and crime described in the study due to the lack of rehabilitation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Alcohol (Ethanol)

The only type of alcohol that is safe for consumption, rapidly absorbed into the bloodstream.

Amphetamine

A stimulant with effects similar to cocaine, but has a slower onset and a longer duration.

Barbiturate

A depressant that can cause a wide range of central nervous system depression, from sedation to coma.

Binge Drinking

Consuming a large amount of alcohol within a two-hour period, resulting in a blood alcohol concentration of at least 0.08%.

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Cannabis

A plant containing psychoactive chemicals, particularly delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).

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Cocaine

A stimulant that comes from coca leaves, usually processed into a white crystalline powder.

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Decriminalization

Less harsh punishments for minor offenses, such as possessing small amounts of marijuana.

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Depressants

Substances that slow down the normal activity of the central nervous system.

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Designer Drugs

Manufactured substances for recreational use, often derivatives of approved drugs to avoid legal restrictions.

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Drug Treatment Court Programs

Programs that allow drug-using offenders to have charges dismissed or reduced, address substance abuse, and obtain employment.

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Eighteenth Amendment

US Constitutional amendment that prohibited the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors.

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Eradication

The destruction of plants used to produce illegal drugs.

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Hallucinogens

Drugs that alter thought processes, mood, and perceptions.

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Harm Reduction

A public-health approach to lessen the risks and harms associated with illegal drug use.

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Harrison Act

Required doctors to have a license to prescribe narcotics.

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Heroin

A chemically modified form of morphine that ranges in color from white to black.

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Inhalants

Volatile substances that produce chemical vapors, typically taken by inhalation.

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Interdiction

Steps taken to interrupt illicit drug trafficking.

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Maintenance

A political stance that advocates for the accessibility of drugs through governmental regulation.

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Marihuana Tax Act

Taxed the grower, distributor, seller, and buyer of marijuana, but did not criminalize marijuana itself.

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Marijuana

The dried leaves or flowers of the cannabis plant.

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Methamphetamine

A common form of amphetamine that can be a white powder, crystals, or colored tablets.

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Morphine

One of the most effective drugs for relief of severe physical pain, with a high potential for abuse.

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Narcotics

Opiates or opioids.

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Oxycodone

A synthetic narcotic produced entirely in the laboratory.

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Prohibition

Era in which it was illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating liquors within the US.

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Steroids

Synthetically produced variations of the male sex hormone testosterone.

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Stimulant

A substance that creates a sense of energy, alertness, talkativeness, and well-being.

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Tranquilizers

Help treat anxiety without disrupting normal functioning.

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Tripartite Conceptual Framework

Drugs and violence are related through psychopharmacological, economically compulsive, and systemic violence.

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Twenty-First Amendement

Repealed the 18th Amendment, ending Prohibition.

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War on Drugs

Public concern about drugs exploded in the mid-1980s.

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Substance Use and Crime

The relationship between substance use and crime is complex and influenced by individual, group, and societal factors.

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Complexity of Drug Definitions

Some drugs are legal but highly addictive (e.g., nicotine); some are legally prescribed but can be used illegally (e.g., OxyContin); and some were initially legal but are now illegal (e.g., heroin).

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Historical Trends of Substance Abuse

Historical context is essential to understand current societal perspectives on substance use. Some drugs were legal and then illegal (e.g., cocaine); others, like alcohol, had changing legal statuses.

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Drug Abuse Among Male Prisoners (US, 2010)

In 2010, 70% of male prisoners in the US were drug abusers, significantly higher than the 11.2% rate in the general male population.

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Combined Drug and Alcohol Abuse

Criminals who abused both drugs and alcohol committed 21.4% of aggressive crimes.

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Drug Abuse History Among Arrested Individuals (Australia, 2004)

Among individuals arrested in Australia in 2004, 82% had a history of drug abuse.

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Crimes of Opiate Abusers

The most common crimes among opiate drug abusers were drug-related crimes, robbery, murder, armed robbery, and kidnapping.

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Crimes of Hallucinogenic Drug Abusers

The crimes of hallucinogenic drug abusers included robbery, drug-related crimes, armed robbery, and murder.

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Drug Abuse and Delinquency

Increased drug abuse leads to a higher delinquency rate and intensity, often to acquire drugs.

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The Cycle of Addiction and Crime

Addicts are often not hired, leading to a lack of income and involvement in illegal activities such as smuggling, drug dealing, theft, and prostitution.

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Study Notes

  • Understanding the complex relationship between substance use and crime requires considering individual, group, and societal factors.
  • The very definition of "drugs" can be complex.
  • Some drugs are legal but highly addictive, for example, nicotine.
  • Certain drugs are legally prescribed for medical uses but can be abused illegally, such as OxyContin.
  • Some drugs were initially legal but are now illegal, as seen with heroin.
  • Examining substance abuse trends, like the history of cocaine and opioid addiction, Prohibition, and the "War on Drugs," is essential for appreciating current societal views on substance use.
  • Some substances, such as alcohol, have transitioned from legal to illegal and back to legal status throughout history.
  • The relationship between drugs and crime is more complex than a simple causal explanation.

Statistics Linking Drug Abuse to Crime

  • In a 2010 United States study, 70% of male prisoners were drug abusers, significantly higher than the 11.2% rate in the general male population.
  • Alcohol has the strongest correlation with aggressive crimes.
  • 21.4% of aggressive crimes were committed by criminals who abused both drugs and alcohol.
  • In Australia in 2004, 82% of arrested individuals had a history of drug abuse.
  • Of those arrested in Australia, 69% abused drugs for at least six months before their arrest, and 62% were frequent drug abusers.

Study on Addicted Prisoners in Zahedan Central Prison

  • A study examined the relationship between crime type and drug abuse among addicted male prisoners undergoing methadone maintenance treatment in Zahedan central prison.
  • The study population consisted of 923 addicted male prisoners, all selected for the study.
  • Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews and analyzed using SPSS 19 software.
  • The study investigated demographic factors, addiction history, and the type of crime committed.
  • The participants' average age was 33.84 years, with an average addiction age of 20.77 years and an involvement duration of 11.94 years; 69% were married, and 31% were single.
  • Abused substances included Iranian crack, opium syrup, methamphetamine, heroin, psychotropic pills, and cannabis.

Crimes Associated with Opiate Abuse

  • Opiate drug abusers (opium syrup, opium, heroin, and Iranian crack) were commonly involved in drug-related crimes, robbery, murder, armed robbery, and kidnapping.
  • Drug-related crimes: crack (63.7%), heroin (52.4%), opium (43.8%), opium syrup (40.5%).
  • Robbery: crack (63.3%), heroin (52.4%), opium syrup (22%), opium (21.6%).
  • Murder: opium (21.6%), crack (18.30%), opium syrup (14.5%), heroin (9.7%).
  • Armed robbery: heroin (25%), opium syrup (22%), crack (21.1%), opium (12.4%).
  • Kidnapping: opium (4.3%), opium syrup (4.2%), crack (2.6%), heroin (2.4%).

Crimes Associated with Hallucinogenic Drug Abuse

  • Hallucinogenic drug abusers (hashish, psychotropic pills, methamphetamine) were commonly involved in robbery, drug-related crimes, armed robbery, and murder.
  • Robbery: methamphetamine (53.2%), pills (36.6%).
  • Drug-related crimes: hashish (33.3%), methamphetamine (21.6%), pills (9.1%).
  • Armed robbery: hashish (33.3%), pills (9.1%), methamphetamine (5.4%).
  • Murder: pills (18.2%), hashish (16.7%), methamphetamine (8.8%).

Relationship Between Drug Abuse and Crime

  • A direct relationship exists between the level of drug abuse, the type of drug, and the crimes committed.
  • Increased drug abuse correlates with a higher delinquency rate and intensity. For addicts, they are often driven to commit crimes to get drugs due to lack of employment and income, leading to illegal activities like smuggling, drug dealing, theft, and prostitution.
  • This creates a cycle of poverty, addiction, and crime.
  • There is a need for developing preventive strategies.

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Description

Overview of various psychoactive drugs. Covers stimulants like amphetamines and cocaine, depressants, and substances like cannabis. Also defines binge drinking, decriminalization, and designer drugs.

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