Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which areas do reading disorders primarily affect (Select all that apply)?
Which areas do reading disorders primarily affect (Select all that apply)?
- Writing (correct)
- Reading (correct)
- Spelling (correct)
- Speaking
What is a common issue for children with specific developmental disorders?
What is a common issue for children with specific developmental disorders?
- Social interaction (correct)
- Phonological awareness
- Fluency
- Rapid naming
What should be done to help preschool children with learning and developmental disabilities?
What should be done to help preschool children with learning and developmental disabilities?
- Avoid assessing them until they are older
- Isolate them from other children
- Early intervention (correct)
- Provide special education classes
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of reading disorders?
Which of the following is NOT a manifestation of reading disorders?
What areas might children with specific developmental disorders struggle with?
What areas might children with specific developmental disorders struggle with?
Which of the following is true about the assessment and treatment of preschool children with learning and developmental disorders?
Which of the following is true about the assessment and treatment of preschool children with learning and developmental disorders?
What is the first group of problems described in the review of syndromes?
What is the first group of problems described in the review of syndromes?
In what order are the main psychiatric disorders of childhood described?
In what order are the main psychiatric disorders of childhood described?
What is described directly after pervasive developmental disorders?
What is described directly after pervasive developmental disorders?
Which type of conditions are said to be generally similar to those of either childhood or adulthood?
Which type of conditions are said to be generally similar to those of either childhood or adulthood?
What is given a brief account of at the end of the chapter?
What is given a brief account of at the end of the chapter?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing feeding and eating in children?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing feeding and eating in children?
A child consistently refusing to eat without longing for meals suggests what?
A child consistently refusing to eat without longing for meals suggests what?
What percentage of children aged 1-5 exhibit signs of wakefulness or anxiety during sleep?
What percentage of children aged 1-5 exhibit signs of wakefulness or anxiety during sleep?
What is essential for calming a family with sleep disruption concerns?
What is essential for calming a family with sleep disruption concerns?
Which of the following should parents do to manage sleep problems?
Which of the following should parents do to manage sleep problems?
Severe anxiety in children is frequently associated with which type of anxiety disorder?
Severe anxiety in children is frequently associated with which type of anxiety disorder?
What is a common consequence of sleep deprivation in families?
What is a common consequence of sleep deprivation in families?
What approach is important for addressing sleep problems?
What approach is important for addressing sleep problems?
If a child has a history of severe ailments, feeding problems might be an expression of what?
If a child has a history of severe ailments, feeding problems might be an expression of what?
What should parents do after taking the child to bed to manage sleep problems?
What should parents do after taking the child to bed to manage sleep problems?
According to DSM-5, what is the term for a disorder characterized by difficulties in reading?
According to DSM-5, what is the term for a disorder characterized by difficulties in reading?
Which of the following languages have the highest prevalence rates of dyslexia?
Which of the following languages have the highest prevalence rates of dyslexia?
What skill is predominantly associated with the ability to read accurately but have comprehension difficulties?
What skill is predominantly associated with the ability to read accurately but have comprehension difficulties?
Children with specific learning disorders benefit from what type of instruction?
Children with specific learning disorders benefit from what type of instruction?
What disorder is classified under the DSM-5 but does not have an equivalent category in ICD-10?
What disorder is classified under the DSM-5 but does not have an equivalent category in ICD-10?
Which disorder in the ICD-10 corresponds to 'Speech sound disorder' in the DSM-5?
Which disorder in the ICD-10 corresponds to 'Speech sound disorder' in the DSM-5?
Reading speed in individuals with dyslexia is affected by their ability in:
Reading speed in individuals with dyslexia is affected by their ability in:
Which disorder is listed under both DSM-5 and ICD-10?
Which disorder is listed under both DSM-5 and ICD-10?
What is a key characteristic of those with reading comprehension impairment?
What is a key characteristic of those with reading comprehension impairment?
Which disorder is associated with a significant prevalence among artists?
Which disorder is associated with a significant prevalence among artists?
Which brain function may be impaired in children with a history of abuse and neglect?
Which brain function may be impaired in children with a history of abuse and neglect?
Which factor does NOT influence a child's right prefrontal brain function according to the content?
Which factor does NOT influence a child's right prefrontal brain function according to the content?
Which genetic syndrome is mentioned as causing small affect recognition deficits?
Which genetic syndrome is mentioned as causing small affect recognition deficits?
What screening is typically performed for children with reading difficulties?
What screening is typically performed for children with reading difficulties?
What percentage of children show improvement in reading difficulties with early intervention?
What percentage of children show improvement in reading difficulties with early intervention?
What is a common result of mathematics disorder in individuals?
What is a common result of mathematics disorder in individuals?
Which intervention is effective in improving independent reading decoding abilities?
Which intervention is effective in improving independent reading decoding abilities?
What aspect of mathematics is crucial for long-term opportunities and use?
What aspect of mathematics is crucial for long-term opportunities and use?
What impacts early brain development significantly?
What impacts early brain development significantly?
What is a key component in assessing and treating children with reading difficulties?
What is a key component in assessing and treating children with reading difficulties?
What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) primarily used for?
What is the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) primarily used for?
At what age do 25-30% of infants typically utter their first words?
At what age do 25-30% of infants typically utter their first words?
Which factor is NOT essential for speech and language acquisition in children?
Which factor is NOT essential for speech and language acquisition in children?
What percentage of children will experience delays in language development?
What percentage of children will experience delays in language development?
Which classification system uses the title 'speech disorder'?
Which classification system uses the title 'speech disorder'?
Which disorder is associated with difficulties in interpreting social cues?
Which disorder is associated with difficulties in interpreting social cues?
What is the ICD-10 classification for 'expressive language disorder' known as?
What is the ICD-10 classification for 'expressive language disorder' known as?
Which group of children is unlikely to benefit from therapy?
Which group of children is unlikely to benefit from therapy?
Which age group frequently forms complete sentences?
Which age group frequently forms complete sentences?
Which classification system uses the title 'speech and language'?
Which classification system uses the title 'speech and language'?
What is the estimated prevalence of language disorders in school-aged children?
What is the estimated prevalence of language disorders in school-aged children?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for language difficulties?
Which of the following is NOT a criterion for language difficulties?
Which aspect is a common sign in children with difficulties in comprehending spoken language?
Which aspect is a common sign in children with difficulties in comprehending spoken language?
What is the expected vocabulary acquisition rate for a young child?
What is the expected vocabulary acquisition rate for a young child?
Which of the following could indicate social interaction difficulties in children?
Which of the following could indicate social interaction difficulties in children?
What is one method used to determine the nature and severity of speech and language disorders in early investigations?
What is one method used to determine the nature and severity of speech and language disorders in early investigations?
Who are typically involved in the multidisciplinary team approach for treating language disorders?
Who are typically involved in the multidisciplinary team approach for treating language disorders?
At what age is it possible for a child to typically start seeing a speech therapist if their speech and language skills are significantly impaired?
At what age is it possible for a child to typically start seeing a speech therapist if their speech and language skills are significantly impaired?
Which difficulty might affect a child's ability to acquire reading and writing skills?
Which difficulty might affect a child's ability to acquire reading and writing skills?
What is a common challenge faced by children with language disorders in academic performance?
What is a common challenge faced by children with language disorders in academic performance?
At what age do 25% of adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) typically develop autism?
At what age do 25% of adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) typically develop autism?
What is the heritability rate of ASD in the population?
What is the heritability rate of ASD in the population?
What percentage of autistic children have an IQ in the borderline range (70-84)?
What percentage of autistic children have an IQ in the borderline range (70-84)?
What proportion of children with ASD have an IQ near or above average?
What proportion of children with ASD have an IQ near or above average?
Which of the following is NOT a common finding in children with ASD?
Which of the following is NOT a common finding in children with ASD?
According to recent studies, what is a feature often observed in genetic vulnerability in ASD?
According to recent studies, what is a feature often observed in genetic vulnerability in ASD?
Which characteristic is often seen in ASD cases involving CNV (copy number variation)?
Which characteristic is often seen in ASD cases involving CNV (copy number variation)?
Which of the following patterns is most commonly seen in individuals with ASD?
Which of the following patterns is most commonly seen in individuals with ASD?
What is a characteristic of specific learning disorder?
What is a characteristic of specific learning disorder?
Which disorder is often known as a 'learning disability' but is not actually a disability?
Which disorder is often known as a 'learning disability' but is not actually a disability?
Which of the following is a symptom of social pragmatic communication disorder?
Which of the following is a symptom of social pragmatic communication disorder?
What is an accurate statement about autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
What is an accurate statement about autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
What is a common symptom of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
What is a common symptom of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
Social communication disorder is one type of which spectrum disorder?
Social communication disorder is one type of which spectrum disorder?
What percentage increase in the number of kids diagnosed with social pragmatic communication disorder was noticed in 2013?
What percentage increase in the number of kids diagnosed with social pragmatic communication disorder was noticed in 2013?
What does a specific learning disorder often cause difficulties in?
What does a specific learning disorder often cause difficulties in?
Which statement is true about children with autism spectrum disorder?
Which statement is true about children with autism spectrum disorder?
Which group of disorders is characterized by atypical development in social interaction and communication?
Which group of disorders is characterized by atypical development in social interaction and communication?
Which of the following disorders is listed in both DSM-5 and ICD-10 for autism spectrum disorders?
Which of the following disorders is listed in both DSM-5 and ICD-10 for autism spectrum disorders?
What is one characteristic of children with autism regarding social interactions?
What is one characteristic of children with autism regarding social interactions?
Which condition is not specifically related to an autism spectrum disorder in ICD-10 classification?
Which condition is not specifically related to an autism spectrum disorder in ICD-10 classification?
Which of the following is a clinical clue for autistic spectrum disorders?
Which of the following is a clinical clue for autistic spectrum disorders?
How are children with autism often described in terms of play behavior?
How are children with autism often described in terms of play behavior?
What is a common behavior regarding language use in children with autism?
What is a common behavior regarding language use in children with autism?
Which of the following strategies is suggested for helping children with autism?
Which of the following strategies is suggested for helping children with autism?
What characterizes a child's vocabulary use if they have autism?
What characterizes a child's vocabulary use if they have autism?
What is a common sensory difficulty for children with autism?
What is a common sensory difficulty for children with autism?
Which of the following is listed under ICD-10 but not DSM-5 for autism spectrum disorders?
Which of the following is listed under ICD-10 but not DSM-5 for autism spectrum disorders?
Which inheritance pattern is associated with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome?
Which inheritance pattern is associated with Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome?
Which genetic mechanism is exemplified by the fragile X syndrome?
Which genetic mechanism is exemplified by the fragile X syndrome?
What is the theory of mind's role in understanding ASD?
What is the theory of mind's role in understanding ASD?
Which factor is mentioned as potentially increasing the risk of ASD due to genetic changes in sperm?
Which factor is mentioned as potentially increasing the risk of ASD due to genetic changes in sperm?
What does weak central coherence refer to in the context of ASD?
What does weak central coherence refer to in the context of ASD?
Which disorder is associated with X-linked inheritance patterns?
Which disorder is associated with X-linked inheritance patterns?
What gene is associated with Rett Syndrome?
What gene is associated with Rett Syndrome?
Which disorder is also known as Heller's disease?
Which disorder is also known as Heller's disease?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with ADHD?
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with ADHD?
What type of movements are lost in Rett Syndrome?
What type of movements are lost in Rett Syndrome?
What is a key characteristic of Asperger Syndrome?
What is a key characteristic of Asperger Syndrome?
ADHD is most accurately described under which of the following terms?
ADHD is most accurately described under which of the following terms?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?
Which of the following is a common characteristic of Childhood Disintegrative Disorder?
What aspect is vital to ensuring a diagnosis of ADHD?
What aspect is vital to ensuring a diagnosis of ADHD?
What was the point prevalence rate of childhood ADHD in females according to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study?
What was the point prevalence rate of childhood ADHD in females according to the 2010 Global Burden of Disease Study?
How much did the percentage of ADHD diagnoses increase in the US from 2003 to 2011?
How much did the percentage of ADHD diagnoses increase in the US from 2003 to 2011?
What percentage of children in the US receive drugs for ADHD?
What percentage of children in the US receive drugs for ADHD?
What is ADHD often associated with in terms of cognitive function?
What is ADHD often associated with in terms of cognitive function?
Which brain region is NOT typically involved in ADHD as per neuroimaging studies?
Which brain region is NOT typically involved in ADHD as per neuroimaging studies?
What is the estimated heritability of ADHD according to genetic studies?
What is the estimated heritability of ADHD according to genetic studies?
Which type of twins shows a higher concordance for ADHD?
Which type of twins shows a higher concordance for ADHD?
Which of the following is a typical sign found in children with hyperkinetic disorder?
Which of the following is a typical sign found in children with hyperkinetic disorder?
What is a primary aim of managing a child with ASD?
What is a primary aim of managing a child with ASD?
Which intervention is most studied for preschool children with ASD?
Which intervention is most studied for preschool children with ASD?
What type of support can help enable individuals with ASD achieve their potential?
What type of support can help enable individuals with ASD achieve their potential?
Which comorbid problems might children with ASD experience?
Which comorbid problems might children with ASD experience?
What evidence exists for the effectiveness of restricted diets for children with ASD?
What evidence exists for the effectiveness of restricted diets for children with ASD?
Which medication is sometimes used to treat associated symptoms of aggression and irritability in children with ASD?
Which medication is sometimes used to treat associated symptoms of aggression and irritability in children with ASD?
What kind of programs have been shown to improve employment success for individuals with ASD?
What kind of programs have been shown to improve employment success for individuals with ASD?
What kind of support is important for the families of children with ASD?
What kind of support is important for the families of children with ASD?
What approach is recommended for managing psychological problems in children with ASD?
What approach is recommended for managing psychological problems in children with ASD?
What is the main benefit of Early Intensive Behavioural Interventions (EIBI) for children with ASD?
What is the main benefit of Early Intensive Behavioural Interventions (EIBI) for children with ASD?
What does the weak central coherence (WCC) theory explain in autism?
What does the weak central coherence (WCC) theory explain in autism?
How does communication disorder differ from ASD?
How does communication disorder differ from ASD?
Which condition is characterized by developmental regression?
Which condition is characterized by developmental regression?
What does a child with ASD have more impairment of compared to a child with intellectual disability?
What does a child with ASD have more impairment of compared to a child with intellectual disability?
Which disorders are more likely to occur with ASD?
Which disorders are more likely to occur with ASD?
How can deafness be excluded in the differential diagnosis of ASD?
How can deafness be excluded in the differential diagnosis of ASD?
Which executive function is involved in planning and organizing?
Which executive function is involved in planning and organizing?
Which theory might explain the islets of ability commonly observed in individuals with ASD?
Which theory might explain the islets of ability commonly observed in individuals with ASD?
What is a common long-term negative effect of stimulant treatment for ADHD?
What is a common long-term negative effect of stimulant treatment for ADHD?
Which term is used to describe the behavioral pattern in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
Which term is used to describe the behavioral pattern in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)?
What is considered a common behavior during early childhood in children with ODD and CD?
What is considered a common behavior during early childhood in children with ODD and CD?
What kind of behavior is often displayed by children with conduct disorder (CD) in late childhood?
What kind of behavior is often displayed by children with conduct disorder (CD) in late childhood?
What is a side effect of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, atomoxetine, used for treating ADHD?
What is a side effect of the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, atomoxetine, used for treating ADHD?
What is the primary treatment approach for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD)?
What is the primary treatment approach for oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD)?
What might be an unintentional consequence of parents giving attention to their child's antisocial behaviour?
What might be an unintentional consequence of parents giving attention to their child's antisocial behaviour?
Which method is used by parents in some training programmes to influence other areas of their child’s behaviour?
Which method is used by parents in some training programmes to influence other areas of their child’s behaviour?
What do anger management programmes aim to correct in habitually aggressive young people?
What do anger management programmes aim to correct in habitually aggressive young people?
What tools are provided to parents in training programmes to help them apply behavioural procedures?
What tools are provided to parents in training programmes to help them apply behavioural procedures?
What is one consequence of aggressive young people underestimating their own behaviour?
What is one consequence of aggressive young people underestimating their own behaviour?
Which type of genes have been identified as associated with ADHD in some studies?
Which type of genes have been identified as associated with ADHD in some studies?
What environmental factor is mentioned as interacting with genetic risk to influence ADHD?
What environmental factor is mentioned as interacting with genetic risk to influence ADHD?
Which factor is NOT associated with ADHD?
Which factor is NOT associated with ADHD?
What is the typical prognosis for inattention in ADHD?
What is the typical prognosis for inattention in ADHD?
What percentage of cases diagnosed in childhood retain the full diagnosis of ADHD into adolescence?
What percentage of cases diagnosed in childhood retain the full diagnosis of ADHD into adolescence?
What might the presence of ADHD in adults be attributed to?
What might the presence of ADHD in adults be attributed to?
What is a common comorbid condition in adults with ADHD?
What is a common comorbid condition in adults with ADHD?
What type of intervention is often combined with stimulant medication for severe cases of ADHD?
What type of intervention is often combined with stimulant medication for severe cases of ADHD?
What type of training might benefit children with ADHD who have comorbid anxiety or depressive disorders?
What type of training might benefit children with ADHD who have comorbid anxiety or depressive disorders?
How can parental training for ADHD best be described?
How can parental training for ADHD best be described?
What is the main difference between Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
What is the main difference between Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)?
In which manual were Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) included as overlapping with CD and ODD?
In which manual were Intermittent Explosive Disorder and Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) included as overlapping with CD and ODD?
What percentage of overall child and adolescent psychopathology do ODD and CD constitute?
What percentage of overall child and adolescent psychopathology do ODD and CD constitute?
How much more common is ODD in boys compared to girls?
How much more common is ODD in boys compared to girls?
Why was the diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) introduced in DSM-5?
Why was the diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD) introduced in DSM-5?
How do the prevalence rates of ODD/CD change with socioeconomic status?
How do the prevalence rates of ODD/CD change with socioeconomic status?
Which factor is strongly associated with ODD/CD prevalence in children?
Which factor is strongly associated with ODD/CD prevalence in children?
Which gene variant has been shown to predispose children to Conduct Disorder (CD) in adverse environments?
Which gene variant has been shown to predispose children to Conduct Disorder (CD) in adverse environments?
What is a common outcome for children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy?
What is a common outcome for children whose mothers consumed alcohol during pregnancy?
Which temperament traits have been associated with later conduct problems?
Which temperament traits have been associated with later conduct problems?
Which factor is a strong predictor of antisocial behaviour?
Which factor is a strong predictor of antisocial behaviour?
What parenting practice is associated with the development of ODD/CD?
What parenting practice is associated with the development of ODD/CD?
What is a consequence of the negative reinforcement trap in parenting?
What is a consequence of the negative reinforcement trap in parenting?
Which attachment type is strongly associated with antisocial behaviour?
Which attachment type is strongly associated with antisocial behaviour?
What environmental factor is linked to the likelihood of developing CDs?
What environmental factor is linked to the likelihood of developing CDs?
What is a common influence on children with ODD/CD beyond the family?
What is a common influence on children with ODD/CD beyond the family?
What long-term outcome is associated with adolescence CD?
What long-term outcome is associated with adolescence CD?
What factor does not affect the overall long-term prognosis of CDs?
What factor does not affect the overall long-term prognosis of CDs?
Which social environment factor is not commonly associated with ODD/CD?
Which social environment factor is not commonly associated with ODD/CD?
What is a typical issue faced by families of children with severe CDs?
What is a typical issue faced by families of children with severe CDs?
What is wrongly equated with conduct disorder according to the content?
What is wrongly equated with conduct disorder according to the content?
What factor appears to be less significant in causing juvenile delinquency?
What factor appears to be less significant in causing juvenile delinquency?
What is particularly common among those who come from broken homes?
What is particularly common among those who come from broken homes?
What percentage of boys with criminal fathers are convicted, according to the study?
What percentage of boys with criminal fathers are convicted, according to the study?
What does the content suggest is needed when assessing a delinquent child?
What does the content suggest is needed when assessing a delinquent child?
Which tool can assist in assessing adolescent violence?
Which tool can assist in assessing adolescent violence?
What is the main aim of the law as it applies to children and adolescents?
What is the main aim of the law as it applies to children and adolescents?
Which model focuses on the prediction of risk and classification of offenders for treatment?
Which model focuses on the prediction of risk and classification of offenders for treatment?
For juvenile offenders, what does the treatment usually include aside from psychiatric interventions?
For juvenile offenders, what does the treatment usually include aside from psychiatric interventions?
What is the preferred type of program for recurrent delinquency?
What is the preferred type of program for recurrent delinquency?
Which intervention may be considered if community-based programs fail for juvenile offenders?
Which intervention may be considered if community-based programs fail for juvenile offenders?
What is the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol II (J-SOAP-II) used for?
What is the Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol II (J-SOAP-II) used for?
What is a common initial legal response to minor delinquent behavior?
What is a common initial legal response to minor delinquent behavior?
What are obsessions in the context of OCD?
What are obsessions in the context of OCD?
What is the prevalence of major depressive disorder in pre-pubertal children?
What is the prevalence of major depressive disorder in pre-pubertal children?
How do individuals with OCD typically perceive their obsessions?
How do individuals with OCD typically perceive their obsessions?
What is the ratio of females to males suffering from major depressive disorder after puberty?
What is the ratio of females to males suffering from major depressive disorder after puberty?
What is the purpose of compulsions in OCD?
What is the purpose of compulsions in OCD?
Which therapy is corner stone for children with OCD?
Which therapy is corner stone for children with OCD?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the prevalence estimates of depression?
Which factor is NOT mentioned as influencing the prevalence estimates of depression?
Which of the following risks for child and adolescent depression is NOT mentioned?
Which of the following risks for child and adolescent depression is NOT mentioned?
What are common feelings experienced by individuals during obsessions?
What are common feelings experienced by individuals during obsessions?
At what rate is depression more common in adolescence compared to childhood?
At what rate is depression more common in adolescence compared to childhood?
What can precipitate separation anxiety disorder?
What can precipitate separation anxiety disorder?
What is a common symptom of phobic anxiety disorder in children?
What is a common symptom of phobic anxiety disorder in children?
Which approach should parents adopt to treat minor phobic symptoms in children?
Which approach should parents adopt to treat minor phobic symptoms in children?
What may children with separation anxiety disorder develop into adulthood?
What may children with separation anxiety disorder develop into adulthood?
Which treatment method may benefit children with separation anxiety when anxiety is particularly severe?
Which treatment method may benefit children with separation anxiety when anxiety is particularly severe?
What should be taken into account in the treatment of separation anxiety disorder?
What should be taken into account in the treatment of separation anxiety disorder?
What may worsen separation anxiety disorder in children?
What may worsen separation anxiety disorder in children?
Which of the following is a possible response of children with separation anxiety disorder?
Which of the following is a possible response of children with separation anxiety disorder?
What is a significant characteristic of anxiety disorders in children?
What is a significant characteristic of anxiety disorders in children?
Which classification system includes a diagnosis of sibling rivalry disorder?
Which classification system includes a diagnosis of sibling rivalry disorder?
At what stage of childhood are separation anxiety and fears of animals most common?
At what stage of childhood are separation anxiety and fears of animals most common?
Which factor is mentioned as potentially influencing the prevalence rates of childhood anxiety disorders?
Which factor is mentioned as potentially influencing the prevalence rates of childhood anxiety disorders?
Which type of anxiety becomes more prominent during adolescence?
Which type of anxiety becomes more prominent during adolescence?
Which type of prevention includes parenting programmes?
Which type of prevention includes parenting programmes?
What mental health condition is placed in a different section in DSM-5 compared to childhood and adult anxiety disorders?
What mental health condition is placed in a different section in DSM-5 compared to childhood and adult anxiety disorders?
What is a common comorbid condition with childhood anxiety disorders?
What is a common comorbid condition with childhood anxiety disorders?
Which type of prevention includes safeguarding of children?
Which type of prevention includes safeguarding of children?
Which strategy is NOT mentioned as part of tertiary prevention for youth offending?
Which strategy is NOT mentioned as part of tertiary prevention for youth offending?
What is the ICD-10 classification for separation anxiety disorder?
What is the ICD-10 classification for separation anxiety disorder?
Which treatment approach has been found to be more effective for anxiety disorders in children than either therapy alone?
Which treatment approach has been found to be more effective for anxiety disorders in children than either therapy alone?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with separation anxiety disorder in children?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with separation anxiety disorder in children?
What age is typically the onset for separation anxiety disorder?
What age is typically the onset for separation anxiety disorder?
Which disorder is listed under both DSM-5 and ICD-10 as 'Generalized anxiety disorder'?
Which disorder is listed under both DSM-5 and ICD-10 as 'Generalized anxiety disorder'?
Which therapeutic approach is usually used first for treating childhood anxiety disorders?
Which therapeutic approach is usually used first for treating childhood anxiety disorders?
What physical symptoms are often manifested as anxiety in children with separation anxiety disorder?
What physical symptoms are often manifested as anxiety in children with separation anxiety disorder?
Why might parents of children with anxiety disorders need separate treatment?
Why might parents of children with anxiety disorders need separate treatment?
Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder listed in the DSM-5?
Which of the following is NOT an anxiety disorder listed in the DSM-5?
What is a common issue for children with separation anxiety disorder regarding sleep?
What is a common issue for children with separation anxiety disorder regarding sleep?
What is a common cause of PTSD in children?
What is a common cause of PTSD in children?
Which factor influences the prevalence of PTSD in children?
Which factor influences the prevalence of PTSD in children?
What percentage of children with PTSD continue to suffer in adulthood?
What percentage of children with PTSD continue to suffer in adulthood?
Which therapy has the greatest evidence base for treating PTSD in children?
Which therapy has the greatest evidence base for treating PTSD in children?
At what age does OCD typically develop?
At what age does OCD typically develop?
What are obsessional thoughts in childhood commonly concerned with?
What are obsessional thoughts in childhood commonly concerned with?
Which neurological disorder is OCD associated with?
Which neurological disorder is OCD associated with?
Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of OCD in children?
Which of the following is NOT typically a symptom of OCD in children?
What kind of trauma usually leads to complex PTSD in children?
What kind of trauma usually leads to complex PTSD in children?
Which repetitive behavior is considered normal in children and not compulsive?
Which repetitive behavior is considered normal in children and not compulsive?
What is a common characteristic of conversion disorders in childhood?
What is a common characteristic of conversion disorders in childhood?
When should the diagnosis of conversion disorder be made?
When should the diagnosis of conversion disorder be made?
What is the recommended treatment approach for conversion disorders?
What is the recommended treatment approach for conversion disorders?
What is a common outcome for children diagnosed with conversion disorders on follow-up?
What is a common outcome for children diagnosed with conversion disorders on follow-up?
What is the most significant risk period for major unipolar depression?
What is the most significant risk period for major unipolar depression?
Which symptom is more common in adolescence with depressive mood?
Which symptom is more common in adolescence with depressive mood?
What is a major long-term consequence of depressive illness during adolescence?
What is a major long-term consequence of depressive illness during adolescence?
Which is NOT a common symptom of conversion disorder in childhood?
Which is NOT a common symptom of conversion disorder in childhood?
Which demographic has a higher incidence of conversion disorders?
Which demographic has a higher incidence of conversion disorders?
Which of the following is a recommended management strategy for conversion disorders?
Which of the following is a recommended management strategy for conversion disorders?
What factor is associated with increased mood lability and greater attention to negative emotional cues?
What factor is associated with increased mood lability and greater attention to negative emotional cues?
Which antidepressant has a favorable risk-benefit ratio for adolescents?
Which antidepressant has a favorable risk-benefit ratio for adolescents?
What is a key environmental risk factor for depression onset and recurrence in children?
What is a key environmental risk factor for depression onset and recurrence in children?
How many times higher is the risk of depression for children with sexual minority status?
How many times higher is the risk of depression for children with sexual minority status?
Which of the following is a vulnerability factor related to depression in children?
Which of the following is a vulnerability factor related to depression in children?
Which therapy combination showed significantly higher response rates in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS)?
Which therapy combination showed significantly higher response rates in the Treatment for Adolescents with Depression Study (TADS)?
What is a potential impact of parental depression on children?
What is a potential impact of parental depression on children?
What additional consideration is important when using fluoxetine in adolescents?
What additional consideration is important when using fluoxetine in adolescents?
Which of the following is identified as a resilience factor in children with depressive disorders?
Which of the following is identified as a resilience factor in children with depressive disorders?
Which comorbid condition is associated with depression in children?
Which comorbid condition is associated with depression in children?
What is the primary goal of treatment approaches for selective mutism?
What is the primary goal of treatment approaches for selective mutism?
What is the common intervention for selective mutism?
What is the common intervention for selective mutism?
What is the remission rate for selective mutism 13 years after the first referral?
What is the remission rate for selective mutism 13 years after the first referral?
What term does DSM-5 use to describe stammering?
What term does DSM-5 use to describe stammering?
Which gender is more frequently affected by stammering?
Which gender is more frequently affected by stammering?
What is the approximate prevalence of school refusal in the general population?
What is the approximate prevalence of school refusal in the general population?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with school refusal?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with school refusal?
What is a common characteristic of stammering?
What is a common characteristic of stammering?
What percentage of school refusers referred to clinics have a diagnosable anxiety disorder?
What percentage of school refusers referred to clinics have a diagnosable anxiety disorder?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is NOT commonly found among school refusers?
Which of the following anxiety disorders is NOT commonly found among school refusers?
A child's sudden refusal to attend school can follow what kind of event?
A child's sudden refusal to attend school can follow what kind of event?
In what percentage of children referred to mental health services is school refusal observed?
In what percentage of children referred to mental health services is school refusal observed?
Which factor is NOT involved in the aetiology of school refusal?
Which factor is NOT involved in the aetiology of school refusal?
What type of problem frequently follows an enforced absence for another reason, like illness, in relation to school refusal?
What type of problem frequently follows an enforced absence for another reason, like illness, in relation to school refusal?
Which symptom must be present in childhood bipolar disorder diagnosis along with 'B symptoms' of mania?
Which symptom must be present in childhood bipolar disorder diagnosis along with 'B symptoms' of mania?
Which medication group has the strongest efficacy data for treating mania in young people with bipolar disorder?
Which medication group has the strongest efficacy data for treating mania in young people with bipolar disorder?
Which medication is licensed by the FDA to treat mania or mixed states in children aged 10-17 years?
Which medication is licensed by the FDA to treat mania or mixed states in children aged 10-17 years?
What is a key distinguishing feature between mania and the overactivity of ADHD?
What is a key distinguishing feature between mania and the overactivity of ADHD?
What condition is introduced in the DSM-5 as a key differential diagnosis for childhood bipolar disorder?
What condition is introduced in the DSM-5 as a key differential diagnosis for childhood bipolar disorder?
Which is NOT a 'B symptom' of mania?
Which is NOT a 'B symptom' of mania?
What is the weakest supported treatment for childhood bipolar disorder?
What is the weakest supported treatment for childhood bipolar disorder?
Which of the following is the most common reason for repeated school absence?
Which of the following is the most common reason for repeated school absence?
What is school refusal most commonly associated with?
What is school refusal most commonly associated with?
Which factor is suggested to elevate the risk of manic induction on antidepressant treatment in young children?
Which factor is suggested to elevate the risk of manic induction on antidepressant treatment in young children?
Which of the following is NOT a main group considered in the context of associations between physical and psychiatric disorders in children?
Which of the following is NOT a main group considered in the context of associations between physical and psychiatric disorders in children?
Which of the following is an example of a psychiatric disorder presenting with physical symptoms without an identified underlying organic cause?
Which of the following is an example of a psychiatric disorder presenting with physical symptoms without an identified underlying organic cause?
What is an example of a physical complication of psychiatric disorders?
What is an example of a physical complication of psychiatric disorders?
Which disorder is associated with a strong desire to be of another gender?
Which disorder is associated with a strong desire to be of another gender?
What is commonly seen in children with medical illnesses and treatments?
What is commonly seen in children with medical illnesses and treatments?
What is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia in children with other communication disorders?
What is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia in children with other communication disorders?
How does the prognosis of early-onset schizophrenia generally appear?
How does the prognosis of early-onset schizophrenia generally appear?
What has recent emphasis in the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia focused on?
What has recent emphasis in the treatment of early-onset schizophrenia focused on?
What criticism surrounds the treatment of self-harm and suicidal behavior in adolescents?
What criticism surrounds the treatment of self-harm and suicidal behavior in adolescents?
Which gender is more commonly affected by schizophrenia in adolescence?
Which gender is more commonly affected by schizophrenia in adolescence?
What aspect of anti-psychotic treatment for early-onset schizophrenia is compared to adults?
What aspect of anti-psychotic treatment for early-onset schizophrenia is compared to adults?
What major mental health issue is mentioned as a key public health problem in adolescents?
What major mental health issue is mentioned as a key public health problem in adolescents?
Which of the following factors are important in preventing self-harm and suicide?
Which of the following factors are important in preventing self-harm and suicide?
What is often associated with gender dysphoria in children?
What is often associated with gender dysphoria in children?
What percentage of children hospitalized for medical illnesses are at increased risk for emotional disorders?
What percentage of children hospitalized for medical illnesses are at increased risk for emotional disorders?
What factors influence parents' responses to a child's chronic physical illness?
What factors influence parents' responses to a child's chronic physical illness?
What kind of emotional reactions might parents experience when their child has a chronic physical illness?
What kind of emotional reactions might parents experience when their child has a chronic physical illness?
How might siblings of children with chronic illnesses feel?
How might siblings of children with chronic illnesses feel?
What is an important aspect of hospital care for children?
What is an important aspect of hospital care for children?
Why is it important to have educational facilities associated with hospitals for children?
Why is it important to have educational facilities associated with hospitals for children?
What role can primary caregivers play in the care of hospitalized children?
What role can primary caregivers play in the care of hospitalized children?
How can hospitals prepare children for admission?
How can hospitals prepare children for admission?
What can some siblings of children with chronic illnesses inadvertently gain?
What can some siblings of children with chronic illnesses inadvertently gain?
Which age group has the highest prevalence of nocturnal enuresis occurring once a week or more in the UK?
Which age group has the highest prevalence of nocturnal enuresis occurring once a week or more in the UK?
Which gender has a higher frequency of nocturnal enuresis?
Which gender has a higher frequency of nocturnal enuresis?
What is a common cause of nocturnal enuresis as stated in the content?
What is a common cause of nocturnal enuresis as stated in the content?
What percentage of children with enuresis have a first-degree relative who was also enuretic?
What percentage of children with enuresis have a first-degree relative who was also enuretic?
What is a risk factor associated with bedwetting in later childhood?
What is a risk factor associated with bedwetting in later childhood?
Which of the following has not been shown to improve outcomes in managing enuresis?
Which of the following has not been shown to improve outcomes in managing enuresis?
What approach is typically required when assessing young adolescents?
What approach is typically required when assessing young adolescents?
Which children are reported to have a higher frequency of enuresis?
Which children are reported to have a higher frequency of enuresis?
How are stressful events related to enuresis?
How are stressful events related to enuresis?
Why might older adolescents be better treated in an adult clinic?
Why might older adolescents be better treated in an adult clinic?
When is it better to see the adolescent before interviewing the parents?
When is it better to see the adolescent before interviewing the parents?
What particular attention should be paid to during the psychiatric history of an adolescent?
What particular attention should be paid to during the psychiatric history of an adolescent?
What factor is important in establishing a relationship with adolescents?
What factor is important in establishing a relationship with adolescents?
Who can refer adolescents to psychiatric units besides doctors?
Who can refer adolescents to psychiatric units besides doctors?
What should be done when a referral to an adolescent unit is non-medical?
What should be done when a referral to an adolescent unit is non-medical?
What kind of behavior in adolescents may be stressful for others with mental disorders?
What kind of behavior in adolescents may be stressful for others with mental disorders?
What type of problems may warrant admission to a health service inpatient unit for adolescents?
What type of problems may warrant admission to a health service inpatient unit for adolescents?
What is a necessary element in adolescent psychiatric care?
What is a necessary element in adolescent psychiatric care?
During which age range is early adolescence characterized?
During which age range is early adolescence characterized?
What significant brain development occurs during late adolescence?
What significant brain development occurs during late adolescence?
Which of the following is a characteristic of psychological development in adolescence?
Which of the following is a characteristic of psychological development in adolescence?
In terms of psychiatric disorders, what is especially challenging to distinguish during adolescence?
In terms of psychiatric disorders, what is especially challenging to distinguish during adolescence?
Which type of therapy has been shown to be valuable for treating anorexia nervosa in adolescents?
Which type of therapy has been shown to be valuable for treating anorexia nervosa in adolescents?
When does the incidence of substance use disorders typically peak?
When does the incidence of substance use disorders typically peak?
What percentage of 16-year-olds have 'ever' used alcohol on average, according to a 36-country survey?
What percentage of 16-year-olds have 'ever' used alcohol on average, according to a 36-country survey?
Which substance is NOT commonly used by adolescents?
Which substance is NOT commonly used by adolescents?
Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of excessive drinking in adolescents?
Which of the following factors increases the likelihood of excessive drinking in adolescents?
What behavior is often a group activity among adolescents?
What behavior is often a group activity among adolescents?
At what age do only 1% of children soil themselves with faeces once a month or more?
At what age do only 1% of children soil themselves with faeces once a month or more?
Which term is used in a narrower sense to denote repeated deposition of formed faeces in inappropriate places?
Which term is used in a narrower sense to denote repeated deposition of formed faeces in inappropriate places?
Which of the following is a common cause of constipation leading to faecal soiling?
Which of the following is a common cause of constipation leading to faecal soiling?
Why might a child fear using the toilet according to the chapter?
Why might a child fear using the toilet according to the chapter?
What approach is typically used to manage chronic constipation as a cause of faecal soiling?
What approach is typically used to manage chronic constipation as a cause of faecal soiling?
Which behavioural technique is suggested for improving inadequate toilet training?
Which behavioural technique is suggested for improving inadequate toilet training?
What complicates the treatment of soiling as a form of rebellion?
What complicates the treatment of soiling as a form of rebellion?
What factor contributes to stress-induced regression in bowel control?
What factor contributes to stress-induced regression in bowel control?
Who should be closely involved in the treatment if a child is admitted to the hospital for faecal soiling management?
Who should be closely involved in the treatment if a child is admitted to the hospital for faecal soiling management?
Which of the following is not typically a cause of constipation leading to faecal soiling?
Which of the following is not typically a cause of constipation leading to faecal soiling?
What is typically the first step in managing children with psychosocial short stature syndrome (PSSS)?
What is typically the first step in managing children with psychosocial short stature syndrome (PSSS)?
Which factor is usually associated with non-organic failure to thrive (NOFTT)?
Which factor is usually associated with non-organic failure to thrive (NOFTT)?
What symptom might an infant with non-organic failure to thrive (NOFTT) exhibit?
What symptom might an infant with non-organic failure to thrive (NOFTT) exhibit?
Which activity is excluded from the term 'sexual abuse'?
Which activity is excluded from the term 'sexual abuse'?
What percentage of females report forced intercourse or rape?
What percentage of females report forced intercourse or rape?
Which factors are considered common indicators of childhood sexual abuse?
Which factors are considered common indicators of childhood sexual abuse?
What has research shown about the long-term mental health effects for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse?
What has research shown about the long-term mental health effects for adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse?
What is an important consideration during the assessment of a child for sexual abuse?
What is an important consideration during the assessment of a child for sexual abuse?
Which psychological effects are associated with childhood sexual abuse?
Which psychological effects are associated with childhood sexual abuse?
At what percentage do adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse require long-term mental health services?
At what percentage do adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse require long-term mental health services?
Which type of child maltreatment includes body rocking and dissociation as clinical indicators?
Which type of child maltreatment includes body rocking and dissociation as clinical indicators?
What is a key factor at the community level that can contribute to child maltreatment?
What is a key factor at the community level that can contribute to child maltreatment?
Which age group is especially vulnerable to child maltreatment?
Which age group is especially vulnerable to child maltreatment?
Which behaviour is a clinical indicator of neglect?
Which behaviour is a clinical indicator of neglect?
Which of the following is an individual factor that contributes to child maltreatment?
Which of the following is an individual factor that contributes to child maltreatment?
In which type of abuse are anogenital injuries and sexualized behaviour clinical indicators?
In which type of abuse are anogenital injuries and sexualized behaviour clinical indicators?
A history of what can be a family factor contributing to child maltreatment?
A history of what can be a family factor contributing to child maltreatment?
Which clinical feature is associated with physical abuse?
Which clinical feature is associated with physical abuse?
What might parents present with as a clinical feature associated with child maltreatment?
What might parents present with as a clinical feature associated with child maltreatment?
Which clinical indicator strongly suggests emotional abuse?
Which clinical indicator strongly suggests emotional abuse?
In the UK, which sector holds the responsibility for child protection in cases of abuse?
In the UK, which sector holds the responsibility for child protection in cases of abuse?
What is the principle guiding decisions in cases of conflicts of interest in child psychiatry?
What is the principle guiding decisions in cases of conflicts of interest in child psychiatry?
What is one of the first steps in the assessment and management of child sexual abuse?
What is one of the first steps in the assessment and management of child sexual abuse?
Which is NOT a typical measure involved in the management of child abuse cases?
Which is NOT a typical measure involved in the management of child abuse cases?
How should issues of confidentiality be handled in the care of children?
How should issues of confidentiality be handled in the care of children?
What does emotional abuse typically lead to?
What does emotional abuse typically lead to?
Which of the following is NOT a form of child neglect?
Which of the following is NOT a form of child neglect?
Who might detect child neglect?
Who might detect child neglect?
What is a common reason for a child to need foster care?
What is a common reason for a child to need foster care?
Which of the following is a likely outcome for adults who were abused as children?
Which of the following is a likely outcome for adults who were abused as children?
What can help improve the outcome for abused children?
What can help improve the outcome for abused children?
What is the first step once non-accidental injury has been confirmed in a child?
What is the first step once non-accidental injury has been confirmed in a child?
Why should parents of emotionally abused children be offered help with their problems?
Why should parents of emotionally abused children be offered help with their problems?
What is the reported prevalence rate of physical abuse in childhood according to most studies?
What is the reported prevalence rate of physical abuse in childhood according to most studies?
Which of the following is NOT a common form of injury in physically abused children?
Which of the following is NOT a common form of injury in physically abused children?
Which of the following psychological characteristics is associated with abused children?
Which of the following psychological characteristics is associated with abused children?
What is a red flag that may arouse suspicion of physical abuse?
What is a red flag that may arouse suspicion of physical abuse?
If a doctor suspects child abuse, what should they do next?
If a doctor suspects child abuse, what should they do next?
Which of the following is a risk factor for child maltreatment related to the parent?
Which of the following is a risk factor for child maltreatment related to the parent?
What should be done for all children in whom non-accidental injury is suspected?
What should be done for all children in whom non-accidental injury is suspected?
What type of photographs should be taken during the assessment at the hospital?
What type of photographs should be taken during the assessment at the hospital?
Which factor associated with the child can lead to weak attachment to the parents?
Which factor associated with the child can lead to weak attachment to the parents?
What should doctors do to ensure they are aware of the risks and needs of abused children?
What should doctors do to ensure they are aware of the risks and needs of abused children?
Study Notes
Feeding Problems
- Feeding and eating difficulties in preschool children are influenced by physical factors, maturational changes, social relationships, emotional state, sensory integration, and feeding skills.
- Difficulty managing food intake distribution may be due to delayed development of feeding habits and refusal to eat, often with underlying medical factors.
- Constant refusal to eat and not showing interest in meals may be a behavioral sign of poor mental health.
- Feeding problems can be a way for the child to become the focus of parental anxiety, especially if there is a history of severe and persistent illness.
Sleep Problems
- Wakefulness, anxiety, and sleep problems are common difficulties in children aged 1-5 years (25-30%).
- These issues may be related to the child's worries, concerns, and fears.
- Regular sleep times are essential for calming the family, and a coordinated approach is necessary to address sleep problems.
- Psychologists should be involved in assessing and treating sleep problems, and parents should establish a bedtime routine to help the child sleep.
Underlying Medical Issues
- Medical issues can be associated with behavioral syndromes and should be considered in diagnosis.
- Case studies can help identify significant problems and develop a diagnosis.
- It is essential to consider the child's behavior patterns and developmental areas to understand their needs.
Concerns Relating to Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders can manifest in children as severe anxiety, social, shy, or cautious behaviors.
- Experiences of fear are directly related to anxiety, and anxiety may be a term for a "generalized anxiety disorder" or "separation anxiety disorder."
Specific Learning Disorders
- Reading Disorder: A learning disability that affects reading, writing, and spelling skills, with difficulties in phonological awareness, rapid naming, fluency, and comprehension.
- Specific Developmental Disorders: Disorders that affect specific developmental domains, such as expressive language, receptive language, and motor development.
- Early intervention is crucial to help children with learning and developmental disabilities succeed.
Assessment and Treatment of Problems in Preschool Children
- Parents, teachers, and other professionals should work together to assess and treat children with learning and developmental disabilities.
- A comprehensive approach to assessment and treatment is necessary to address the child's needs.
Psychology of Reading Difficulties
- Reading is a complex skill that depends on cognitive function and develops gradually.
- Reading difficulties can be due to a range of factors, including phonological awareness, language experience, and cognitive effort.
- Analytical skills are essential for reading, and rapid auditory processing is a key factor in reading speed.
Progress
- The prognosis for reading difficulties varies with the severity of the condition.
- Some children with mild reading difficulties may improve by adolescence, while others may require ongoing intervention.
- It is essential to understand how to accommodate children with reading difficulties and provide early intervention to improve outcomes.
Mathematics Disorder
- Mathematics disorder is a specific learning disorder that affects arithmetic skills.
- It is a pervasive, lifelong problem that can lead to a lack of interest and motivation, failures, and struggles in math.
- The ability to learn and integrate math skills is critical for mathematical proficiency.
Disorders of Communication, Speech, and Language
- Communication is the transmission of information and ideas using a system of signaling and instruments.
- Language is a form of communication that balances a developed, agreed-upon systematic way to convey a message.
- Speech emerges widely in its development, with 25-30% of infants reaching 12 months of age able to utter first words.
- Language development is a continuous process, with estimates of up to 25,000 words in 2-3 years.
Classification of Speech and Language Disorders
- The classifications of speech and language disorders differ between ICD-10 and DSM-5.
- ICD-10 uses the title "speech disorder," while DSM-5 uses "speech and language."
- The wider title in both classifications includes similar categories.
Language Disorders
-
Language disorders are general difficulties in comprehension and use of language across modalities.
-
They are a common reason for primary school children to receive special educational support.
-
The prevalence of language disorders is estimated to be 7% of school-aged children.
-
The criteria for language difficulties include delayed language development, significant delay in acquiring new words, difficulties expressing thoughts and ideas, and difficulties understanding spoken language.### Multidisciplinary Teams in Child Development
-
Multidisciplinary teams, including speech and language therapists, teachers, parents, and educational psychologists, work together to support children with impaired speech and language skills.
-
These teams tailor treatment and educational support to the child's needs, especially if the child has received early intervention services.
Specific Learning Disorder
- Children with specific learning disorders have difficulties learning despite normal intelligence.
- They may struggle with one specific area, such as reading, writing, or math.
- The disorder is often referred to as a "learning disability," but it is not a disability.
- Children with specific learning disorders are assessed, and only a specific diagnosis can be applied.
Social Pragmatic Communication Disorder
- Children with social pragmatic communication disorder struggle to communicate effectively.
- They have difficulty with the social uses of communication, reading non-verbal cues, and having conversations.
- They need extra support at home and have difficulties adjusting to social expectations of school.
- Interventions can help children with social pragmatic communication disorder navigate difficult social settings.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
- ASD is a group of disorders characterized by atypical development in social interaction and communication.
- Children with ASD have difficulty learning in typical environments from birth.
- They show a wider range of autistic and neurodevelopmental symptoms, often observed before the age of 3 years.
- There are three types of ASD, each with its own specific symptoms.
- Individuals with ASD typically appear aloof when around people.
- ASD affects 1 in 58 children, with a 5:1 male-to-female ratio.
- It is a complex neurological disorder, not a mental illness, and can be hereditary.
Characteristics of Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Children with ASD may lack social skills, have difficulty with communication, and appear to lack interest in other people's feelings.
- They may have difficulty with social play, imitation, and adapting to new situations.
- They may have preoccupations with unusual items, difficulty with eye contact, and a tendency to avoid physical contact.
- They may also have difficulty with understanding language, managing change, and responding to sounds.
Dealing with Autism
- Providing extra help with learning and social skills can support children with ASD.
- Creating a calm and structured environment can help them develop.
- Encouraging children with ASD to take part in social activities can help them develop their strengths and interests.
- Many children with ASD have difficulty with change, routines, and sensory overload.
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)
Genetic Architecture
- Inheritance pattern: complex-additive risk from multiple genes, autosomal recessive, autosomal dominant, and X-linked
- Mechanism: single nucleotide polymorphisms, copy number variation, chromosomal translocation, and trinucleotide repeat expansion
Understanding ASD
- Theory of mind: attempts to identify a basic psychological disorder in ASD, with normal children forming an idea of what others are thinking by age 4
- Executive dysfunction and weak central coherence
Factors that may increase ASD risk
- Maternal stress, low immunity, and maternal and paternal age
- Exposure to drugs and toxins
Impairment of Frontal Lobe Executive Functions
- Involved in planning and organization, with implications for personality and extracting meaning from diverse sources
- Weak central coherence (WCC) theory explains enhanced performance in neurocognitive tasks and islets of ability in ASD
Differential Diagnosis
- ASD must be distinguished from neurodevelopmental disorders, communication disorders, intellectual disability, and mental and behavioral disorders
- Comorbidities: ADHD, depression, anxiety, and conduct disorder/challenging behaviors
Managing a Child with ASD
- Reducing core symptoms and behaviors through behavioral therapies and support groups
- Enabling individuals to achieve their potential through educational and vocational support
- Treating comorbid or co-occurring problems
- Supporting the family through provision of information and services
Child Psychiatry
Chapter 16
- Rett syndrome: rare, X-linked disorder characterized by arrest of cognitive development, loss of skills, and stereotyped movements
- Childhood disintegrative disorder: rare condition with a marked loss of cognitive functions and social behavior
- Asperger syndrome: denoting a group of children with ASD who have no cognitive or language retardation
- Atypical autism and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: encompassing a continuum of behavior ranging from normal to severe
ADHD
- Characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
- Symptoms are pervasive, occur across situations, and vary in different circumstances
- Clinical features: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
- Associated with learning difficulties, antisocial behavior, and social disinhibition
Review of Syndromes
- ADHD: 2.2% prevalence in males, 0.7% in females
- Due to both heritable and non-heritable factors
- Neurological findings: signs of neurodevelopmental impairment or delay, and abnormalities of neurotransmission
- Neuroimaging studies: reduction in volume and cortical thickness in certain areas of the brain
- Genetic studies: investigations suggest genetic factors are important, with heritability estimates of 70-80%
Prognosis
- Inattention and impulsiveness often persist into adult life, while overactivity usually lessens
- About 50% of cases diagnosed in childhood retain the full diagnosis in adolescence
- Prognosis for associated learning difficulties is less good, and antisocial behavior has the worst outcome
Treatment
- Psychosocial interventions: parental support, educational interventions, and special education provision
- Dietary advice: some children with ADHD may benefit from free fatty acid supplementation
Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Clinical Features
- Characterized by persistent patterns of behavior that violate age-appropriate social norms
- Commonly considered "externalizing disorders"
- CD is more severe than ODD and involves more serious violations of social norms
Aetiology
-
Many different factors influence the development of ODD/CD
-
Individual-level influences: genetic factors, CD clusters in families, and shared environmental factors
-
Family-level influences: quality of parenting, along with gender, is the strongest predictor of antisocial behavior### Conduct Disorder (CD) and Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
-
CD/ODD is frequent among children from broken homes, those with poor family relationships, and those who have been in residential care in their early childhood.
-
CD/ODD is also linked to adverse factors in the wider social environment of the neighbourhood and school.
Child-rearing Practices and Attachment
- Less than optimal parenting practices, such as harsh discipline, low warmth, and high criticism, are associated with ODD/CD.
- Insecure attachment, particularly of the disorganized type, is strongly associated with antisocial behaviour.
- Poor circumstances can affect parenting quality, leading to ODD/CD.
Child Maltreatment and Exposure to Interparental Conflict and Violence
- Physical abuse is strongly linked to conduct problems, and children exposed to domestic violence are more likely to become aggressive.
- Corporal punishment can increase the likelihood of experiencing physical maltreatment.
Other Influences Beyond the Family
- Children with ODD/CD have more negative interactions with other children and are more likely to associate with deviant peers.
- Peer influences are most evident in adolescence, and school effects, such as attending schools with high delinquency rates, contribute to ODD/CD.
Prognosis
- The long-term outcome of CD varies considerably, with almost 50% of people showing some form of antisocial behaviour in adulthood.
- Antisocial behaviour in adulthood may include violent offending, heavy drug usage, teenage pregnancy, leaving school without qualifications, and receiving state benefits.
Management
- Mild CDs often subside without treatment, while more severe disorders require treatment for the child and social support for the family.
- Parent training programmes, which use behavioural principles, are a mainstay of treatment for ODD/CD.
- Anger management programmes seek to correct misperceptions of hostile intentions and aggressive behaviour in young people.
Juvenile Delinquency
- Genetic factors are less significant in causing delinquency compared to other factors
- Assessing adolescent violence: tools used include Structured Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY) and Juvenile Sex Offender Assessment Protocol II (J-SOAP-II)
- Interventions for juvenile offenders should follow the risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model, focusing on predicting risk and classifying offenders for treatment
- Psychiatrists treating juvenile offenders need to understand the legal system and treatment of psychiatric disorders, such as conduct disorders, mood disorders, ADHD, substance misuse, and intellectual disability
Anxiety Disorders
- Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in childhood, affecting 5-10% of children
- Symptoms:
- Fear of strangers in infants
- Separation anxiety and fears of animals, imaginary creatures, and the dark in preschool years
- Social anxiety and fears of personal inadequacy in early adolescence
- Generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder in later adolescence
- Comorbidity is common, especially with other anxiety disorders
- Aetiology:
- Interactive factors, including cooperation between authorities, intensive supervision, assertive treatment of mental disorders, restorative justice, and victim support
- Interventions:
- Primary prevention (parenting programmes, preschool programmes, etc.)
- Secondary prevention (family-focused therapies, mentoring, etc.)
- Tertiary prevention (multidimensional treatment foster care)
Separation Anxiety Disorder
- Often precipitated by a frightening experience or stressful events
- Symptoms:
- Excessive anxiety when separated from attachment figures
- Unrealistic concerns about harm to attachment figures
- Physical symptoms, such as stomach ache and headache
- Treatment:
- Account for aetiological factors
- Involve the family in understanding and addressing anxiety
- Help the child feel more secure
- Anxiolytics may be used occasionally for severe anxiety
Phobic Anxiety Disorder
- Corresponds to specific phobia in adults
- Minor phobic symptoms are common in childhood
- Treatment:
- Firm and reassuring approach by parents
- Behavioral techniques used for phobias
Social Anxiety Disorder of Childhood
- Corresponds to social anxiety disorder in adults
- Symptoms:
- Fear of social situations and personal inadequacy
- Avoidance of social situations
- Treatment:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Caused by exceptionally severe stressors, such as disasters, war, physical or sexual abuse
- Estimates of PTSD in children who have experienced traumatic events: 16%
- Prevalence varies with factors like gender, age, type of trauma, and time since the traumatic event
- Treatment:
- Trauma-focused cognitive behavior therapy (TF-CBT)
- Eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
- Narrative exposure therapy (NET)
- Supportive counseling
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Characterized by obsessions and compulsions
- Symptoms:
- Intruding thoughts, impulses, or images
- Recognized as stemming from one's own mind
- Experiencing intense anxiety, distress, and/or disgust
- Repetitive behaviors or mental acts
- Treatment:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Conversion Disorders
- More common in adolescence than in childhood
- Symptoms:
- Paralyses
- Abnormalities of gait
- Inability to see or hear normally
- Management:
- Directed at reducing stressful circumstances
- Encouraging the child to talk about the problem
- Graded physiotherapy and behavioral methods
Mood Disorders
Depression
- Major unipolar depression is a significant global health problem, especially in adolescence
- Symptoms:
- Low mood
- Loss of interest
- Concentration difficulties
- Changes in appetite and sleep
- Treatment:
- Cognitive-behavioral therapy
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)### Vulnerability Factors for Depression
- Genetic factors contribute to the development of depressive disorder in childhood
- Cognitive distortion and rumination can lead to depression, as biased attention to negative emotional cues and rumination can influence the onset of depression
- Difficulty in emotional regulation can lead to depressive symptoms, as individuals may be less able to shift attention away from negative cues in their environment
- Children with behavioural disorders, such as ADHD, and their parents are at increased risk of depression
- Sleep deprivation can contribute to depression, leading to increased mood lability and greater attention to negative emotional cues
Environmental Risk Factors
- Parental depression and family discord can negatively impact children, possibly leading to depression
- Child maltreatment is a potent risk factor for the onset and recurrence of depression
- Peer victimization can lead to depression, with higher rates of depression in both bullies and their victims
- Sexual minority status is associated with a 3x higher risk of depression
- Bereavement can increase the risk of depression, with a 3x increased risk immediately after the bereavement and if a past history of depressive symptomatology exists
Comorbid Medical Illness
- Poor physical health is associated with depression
Resilience
- High IQ can serve as a resilience factor
Treatment of Depression
- Fluoxetine is the only antidepressant with a positive risk-benefit ratio for adolescents
- Studies have shown that fluoxetine alone and combined fluoxetine and cognitive behaviour therapy can be effective in treating depression in adolescents
- Important considerations include the increased risk of suicidal ideation and self-harm with fluoxetine, and the need for close monitoring
- It is recommended that antidepressants are used in conjunction with psychological therapy, and that adolescents have a confirmed diagnosis of moderate or severe depression before being prescribed an SSRI
Bipolar Disorder
- Childhood-onset bipolar disorder is a significant psychiatric illness with significant morbidity and mortality
- Mania in children is rare before puberty, but recent diagnostic changes have led to estimates of bipolar disorder in paediatric populations of about 1%
- Diagnostic criteria are similar to those in adults, with a focus on distinguishing mania from ADHD and other disorders
- Treatment requires a complex approach, including targeted pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy
- Medications such as second-generation antipsychotics, lithium, and antiepileptic drugs have been licensed for treating mania or mixed states in 10-17-year-olds
- Depression associated with bipolar disorder in childhood is poorly studied, with some suggestion of higher risk of manic induction on antidepressant treatment in prepubertal children
School Refusal
- School refusal is a pattern of behavior, not a psychiatric disorder, and has various causes
- It is associated with anxiety and depressive disorders
- Common causes include physical illness, truancy, and emotional distress
- Around 1-2% of the general population and up to 15% of mental health referrals experience school refusal
- Clinical picture includes sudden or gradual refusal to attend school, often with somatic symptoms and anxiety
- Aetiology involves individual, family, school, and community factors
- Treatment depends on the underlying cause, and may involve addressing anxiety or depressive disorders, improving communication with parents and teachers, and developing coping skills
Nocturnal Enuresis
- Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem in children, affecting around 100% at 5 years, 49% at 8 years, and 19% at 14 years
- It is more common in boys and often co-occurs with daytime wetting
- Aetiology involves physical factors (e.g., delayed maturation of the nervous system), family influences (e.g., stress, parenting style), and individual temperament
- Treatment involves assessing and addressing underlying causes, such as constipation, and using behavioral interventions (e.g., laxatives, toilet training)
Faecal Soiling
- Faecal soiling affects around 6% of children at 3 years, 1.5% at 7 years, and 1% at 11 years
- It is more common in boys and can have various causes, including constipation, fear of using the toilet, failure to learn bowel control, stress-induced regression, and rebellion
- Treatment depends on the cause and may involve addressing underlying conditions, improving toilet training, and using behavioral interventions
Selective Mutism
- Selective mutism is a persistent failure to speak in certain situations, despite speaking in other situations
- It is often associated with anxiety and social phobia
- Treatment involves lowering anxiety and increasing the contexts in which the child feels comfortable speaking
- Behavioral therapies, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and play therapy, are often the first choice of intervention
Stammering
- Stammering (or child-onset fluency disorder) is a disturbance of the rhythm and fluency of speech
- It affects around 0.3%-1% of children, more commonly in boys
- Causes are unknown, but may involve genetic, neurological, and environmental factors
- Treatment involves addressing underlying causes and using speech therapy to improve fluency and communication skills
Schizophrenia in Childhood
- Schizophrenia can occur in childhood, with similar diagnostic criteria as in adults
- It is more common in boys, and often involves a decline in school performance and social withdrawal
- Treatment involves a combination of anti-psychotic medications, psycho-educational, and psychotherapeutic interventions
Gender Dysphoria
- Gender dysphoria is a strong desire to be of the other gender or an insistence that one is the other gender
- It is discussed in detail in Chapter 13
- Classification and diagnosis have changed dramatically in recent years
Suicidal Behavior and Self-Harm
- Self-harm and suicide are major public health problems in adolescents
- Important contributors include genetic vulnerability, psychiatric, psychological, familial, social, and cultural factors
- Prevention involves universal measures aimed at young people in general and targeted initiatives focused on high-risk groups
Psychiatric Aspects of Physical Illness in Childhood
- The associations between physical and psychiatric disorders in children resemble those in adults
- There are three main groups to consider: psychiatric manifestations of medical illnesses and treatments, psychiatric disorders presenting with physical symptoms, and physical complications of psychiatric disorders
- The impact of childhood physical illness on parents and siblings is significant, and requires a multidisciplinary approach to support the whole family### Educational Facilities in Hospitals
- Many hospitals have educational facilities to support children with prolonged hospital stays, helping them catch up on schoolwork and making the transition back to school easier.
Special Considerations for Adolescent Populations
- Adolescence (10-19 years) is a dynamic period of brain development, with significant changes in neural systems.
- Early adolescence (10-14 years) is biologically dominated by puberty, affecting body morphology and sexual and brain development.
- Adolescence is characterized by low resistance to peer influences, low risk perception, and poor self-regulation.
- School and family environments are critical social contexts during this period.
- Late adolescence (15-19 years) involves continued pubertal maturation and brain development, especially in the prefrontal cortex and increased connectivity between brain networks.
Clinical Features of Psychiatric Disorders of Adolescence
- There are no specific disorders of adolescence, but special experience and skill are required to apply general principles of psychiatric diagnosis and treatment to patients at this stage.
- Clinical features of adolescent depression, anxiety, psychosis, and other disorders are discussed in relevant sections.
Eating Disorders
- Eating disorders are common in adolescence and closely resemble those in adulthood.
- Systemic family therapy has been shown to be valuable for anorexia nervosa in adolescents.
Alcohol and Substance Use Disorders
- Substance use disorders are among the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in adolescents (9-21 years) and are similar to those in adulthood.
- The number of adolescents with substance use disorders rises rapidly, peaks around age 20, and declines after age 25.
- Adolescent substance use disorders often persist into adulthood and become leading causes of adult deaths.
- Excessive drinking is common among adolescents, especially those with conduct disorder.
Assessment of Adolescents
- Special skills are needed when interviewing adolescents, including:
- Establishing a relationship with the adolescent patient
- Showing interest in the adolescent's life and respecting their points of view
- Communicating in a way that the adolescent can understand
- Collecting systematic information and describing symptoms in detail
- Adopting a flexible approach to the interview
Services for Adolescents
- The proportion of adolescents seen in psychiatric clinics is lower than other age groups.
- Specialized adolescent services can provide care for the majority of adolescents, with close links to child and adult psychiatry services and pediatricians.
- Services may include individual and family psychological treatment, drug treatment, and close work with schools and social services.
- Inpatient facilities are limited, and agreement with social services is necessary to determine which cases require admission to a health service unit.
Child Maltreatment
- Child maltreatment is a broad term that includes physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect.
- The definition of child maltreatment has changed over the past decade to include more categories of physical and emotional abuse.
- Child maltreatment is a global issue, but is more frequently reported in high-income countries.
- Prevalence rates vary greatly, with global estimates ranging from 5 to 159 per 100,000 people.
- There are many interacting causes of child maltreatment, categorised at individual, family, and community levels.
Individual Factors
- Younger age (especially under 5)
- Physical and intellectual disabilities
- Chronic illness
- Temperamentally difficult children
- Children who require more support and care from those around them
Family Factors
- Young age of parents
- Poor capacity for empathy
- Low levels of education
- Psychiatric disorders
- Family dysfunction
- Substance misuse
- A criminal record
- Social isolation
- A history of child abuse or neglect
Community Factors
- Neighbourhoods with high rates of physical violence
- Low community involvement in housing, school, and employment
Prevention of Child Maltreatment
- Consider the environment in which the child lives
- Factors associated with the child's parents
- Risk factors associated with the child
Key Clinical Indicators
- Emotional abuse: age inappropriate behaviour, aggression, body rocking, eating and feeding difficulties, encopresis, wetting, dissociation, cutting, and other forms of self-harm
- Physical abuse: abrasions, teeth marks, bruises, burns and scalds, cuts, eye injuries, fractures, intra-abdominal injuries, oral injuries, petechiae, retinal haemorrhage, subdural haemorrhage
- Sexual abuse: anal symptoms and signs, anogenital injuries, dysuria, genital symptoms and signs, sexualized behaviour, pregnancy
- Neglect: abandonment, failure to thrive, lack of supervision, poor hygiene, persistent infestations, poor medication adherence
Physical Abuse
- Prevalence rates vary according to criteria used, ranging from 5-15%
- Lower rates of significant violence
- Clinical features include:
- Multiple bruising, burns, abrasions, bites, torn upper lip, bone fractures, and subdural or retinal haemorrhages
- Suspicion of physical abuse should be aroused by pattern of injuries, previous history, vague or inconsistent account, delay in seeking help, and incongruous parental reactions
- Psychological characteristics of abused children include fearful responses, anxiety, unhappiness, social withdrawal, low self-esteem, and aggression
Assessment and Management
- Doctors should be alert to the possibility of physical abuse
- Professionals should receive regular child protection training
- Doctors who suspect abuse should refer the child to hospital and inform a paediatrician or casualty officer of their suspicions
- Inpatient admission should be arranged for all children in whom non-accidental injury is suspected
- Social services should become involved early, and doctors' concerns should be discussed with the parents
Risk Factors for Child Maltreatment
- The Parent(s):
- Young age
- Low education or intelligence
- Social isolation
- Breakdown of relationship with partner
- Poor parenting skills
- Experience of maltreatment as a child
- Criminal record
- Impaired emotional regulation
- Psychiatric problems
- The Child:
- Factors leading to weak attachment to the parents
- Separation from mother during early life
- Difficult temperament
- The Environment:
- Problem neighborhood
- High rates of physical violence
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Description
This quiz reviews psychiatric disorders and syndromes that affect preschool children, including pervasive developmental disorders and other childhood psychiatric disorders.
