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Questions and Answers
What is one of the primary uses of scopolamine in medical practice?
What is one of the primary uses of scopolamine in medical practice?
What type of receptor does Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) primarily bind to in the brain?
What type of receptor does Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) primarily bind to in the brain?
What is a notable psychological effect of using psilocybin?
What is a notable psychological effect of using psilocybin?
Which substance is known for its empathogenic effects?
Which substance is known for its empathogenic effects?
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Which of the following psychedelic compounds is derived from the morning glory plant?
Which of the following psychedelic compounds is derived from the morning glory plant?
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What was one of the initial uses of MDMA when it was first developed?
What was one of the initial uses of MDMA when it was first developed?
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Which of the following characteristics is associated with anticholinergic psychedelics like scopolamine at high doses?
Which of the following characteristics is associated with anticholinergic psychedelics like scopolamine at high doses?
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Which of the following substances is NOT chemically similar to serotonin?
Which of the following substances is NOT chemically similar to serotonin?
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What is a potential effect noted with the use of mescaline?
What is a potential effect noted with the use of mescaline?
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Which phenomenon is associated with the use of serotonergic psychedelics like LSD?
Which phenomenon is associated with the use of serotonergic psychedelics like LSD?
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Study Notes
Psychedelic Drugs: Classification and Effects
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Anticholinergic:
- Scopolamine (mAch antagonist): Low doses cause sedation, mild euphoria, and amnesia; high doses cause euphoria, hallucinations, and excitement. Peripheral effects include tachycardia, increased body temperature, and dry mouth. Used in twilight anesthesia.
Serotonergic Psychedelics
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LSD (Lysergic Acid Diethylamide):
- Chemically similar to serotonin.
- Developed in the 1930s to explore therapeutic possibilities (vasoconstriction) and, later, as a model of psychosis.
- Binds to 5-HT2A receptors in the brain (prefrontal and cingulate cortex). Causes perceptual distortions (visual, auditory, space/time).
- Synthesized in 1938.
- Used in psychotherapy and by military in the 1950s-1970s.
- Illegal (felony-level possession) since 1968.
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Ololiuqui:
- Seeds of morning glory.
- Psychedelic compound: lysergic acid amide (not the same as LSD).
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Bufotenine:
- Alternative metabolite of serotonin.
- Found in people with psychiatric disorders (?).
- Found in the skin of toads of the genus Bufo.
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Psilocybin/Psilocin:
- Found in "shrooms" (mushrooms).
- Renewed interest in their use as adjunctive treatment for depression, PTSD, addiction, and end-of-life anxiety.
Catecholamine-like Psychedelics
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Mescaline:
- Chemically similar to norepinephrine and dopamine.
- Methoxy groups confer psychedelic properties by acting as agonists at the 5-HT2A receptor.
- Causes anxiety, visual distortions, and tremors.
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Synthetic Methoxylated Amphetamine Derivatives (DOM, MDA, DMA, MDE, TMA, AMT, MDMA):
- Increase the release of or inhibit the reuptake of monoamines and acetylcholine.
- MDMA (Ecstasy):
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Developed in 1914 for appetite suppression.
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Tested by US military as a "brainwashing" drug in the 1950s.
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Interest in its use as psychological treatment in the 1970s.
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Popular among college students since the 1980s.
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Effects include empathy, insight, enhanced communication, and transcendent religious experiences.
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Potential for sympathomimetic effects (like anxiety), malignant hyperthermia, and neurotoxicity.
Antiglutamatergic Psychedelics
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Phencyclidine (PCP) and Ketamine:
- NMDA receptor antagonists.
- Can cause confusion, altered perception, stupor, and coma.
- Originally developed as safer anesthetic and analgesic agents.
Kappa Opioid Agonist
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Salvinorin A:
- Causes hallucinations and dysphoria.
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Description
Explore the different classifications of psychedelic drugs and their effects on the human body. This quiz covers anticholinergic and serotonergic psychedelics, detailing substances like Scopolamine and LSD. Test your knowledge and understanding of their therapeutic uses and historical context.
