Lecture 4

Questions and Answers

What is the primary cause according to the psychoanalytic model?

Negative core beliefs

Learned associations

Thwarted self-actualization

Repression of unresolved conflict (correct)

Which treatment method is associated with the humanistic psychological model?

Conditional positive regard

Empathy and unconditional positive regard (correct)

Cognitive restructuring

Insight therapy

What is a common drawback of classification and diagnosis in mental health?

Reduces stigma in communities

Improves research and treatment planning

Helps in improving communication among professionals

Can lead to labeling and stigma (correct)

Which classification system is primarily used in the English-speaking world?

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) Signup and view all the answers

What psychological model focuses on negative core beliefs and biased thinking?

Cognitive-Behavioural model Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a major objective of using classification systems in mental health?

To improve communication among health professionals Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological treatment focuses on learning new associations?

Behavioural treatment Signup and view all the answers

What does the ICD primarily address?

Mental disorders and health-related problems Signup and view all the answers

What does the Id represent in Freud's theory of personality?

Pleasure principle and instinctual drives Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a criticism of the Biological/Medical Model in psychology?

It often draws generalizations from animal research. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Ego do according to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Acts as a mediator between the Id and the Superego Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible outcome of unresolved conflicts in psychoanalytic theory?

Anxiety and excessive use of defense mechanisms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects a limitation of psychoanalytic therapy?

It lacks sufficient empirical evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Superego encompass in Freud's model of personality?

Moral standards and ideals Signup and view all the answers

How did psychoanalytic theory revolutionize the understanding of mental illness?

It blurred the lines between abnormal and normal mental states. Signup and view all the answers

In what way is the medical model considered limited when applied to psychological illness?

It often overlooks the continuum between psychological health and disorder. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key assumption of the Biological/Medical Model of Mental Illness?

Mental disorders can be diagnosed similar to physical illnesses. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the Biological/Medical Model's view on treatment?

Medication targets biological deficiencies. Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the founding principles of the Biological/Medical Model in the context of mental health?

Dr. Emil Kraepelin Signup and view all the answers

Which manual is the underlying model of the Biological/Medical Model in psychiatry?

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major criticism of the Biological/Medical Model?

It neglects the role of psychological factors. Signup and view all the answers

What does the Biological/Medical Model suggest about the nature of mental disorders?

They can be explained in terms of a biological disease process. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological model contrasts with the Biological/Medical Model by focusing on individual experience?

Humanistic Model Signup and view all the answers

In the context of diagnosis, the Biological/Medical Model is most similar to which other field?

Physical Medicine Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for diagnosing a Major Depressive Episode according to the DSM-5?

Experiencing 5 or more symptoms in a 2-week period Signup and view all the answers

Which version of the DSM introduced the Major Depressive Disorder classification?

DSM-5 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the DSM-5's approach to classifications is accurate?

It acknowledges limitations of a categorical system. Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is NOT part of the criteria for a Major Depressive Episode?

Increased energy levels Signup and view all the answers

When assessing symptoms of depression using the DSM-5, what aspect is emphasized?

Severity of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of symptoms needed to qualify for a diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder?

Five symptoms, including depressed mood Signup and view all the answers

Which DSM edition was published first after the introduction of the DSM-III in 1980?

DSM-III-R Signup and view all the answers

The DSM-5 research planning process began in what year?

1999 Signup and view all the answers

What defines the research base for psychopathological diagnoses in the DSM?

The biological/medical model of mental illness Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder was first introduced in DSM-III-R in 1987?

Generalized Anxiety Disorder Signup and view all the answers

The DSM has evolved with various editions. What year was the 5th edition published?

2013 Signup and view all the answers

What notable change occurred with Asperger’s Disorder in the DSM-5?

It was excluded entirely Signup and view all the answers

What problem was noted with initial editions of the DSM regarding inter-rater reliability?

Agreement on the diagnosis was difficult Signup and view all the answers

What major concern was raised about the validity of the definitions in the early DSM editions?

They relied on unproven theories about causes Signup and view all the answers

In the DSM-5 Text Revision (2022), which of the following language updates was made?

Intellectual disability -> Intellectual developmental disorder Signup and view all the answers

What was the main theoretical influence on the first two editions of the DSM?

Psychoanalytic theory Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Models of Mental Illness

Several models for understanding mental illness: Biological/Medical, Psychoanalytic, Humanistic, Behavioral, Cognitive-Behavioral.
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as a key classification tool.

Biological/Medical Model

Dominant approach in psychiatry; central to the development of DSM-5.
Assumes that mental disorders can be diagnosed akin to physical illnesses through biological processes.
Treatments focus on correcting biological deficiencies, including medication (e.g., antidepressants) and Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT).

Criticisms of Biological/Medical Model

Risk of extreme reductionism ignores the complexity of psychological phenomena.
Overreliance on animal research can misguide conclusions in human contexts.
Causation assumptions based on treatment efficacy may be unfounded; just because a treatment works does not mean it explains the disorder.
Lack of clear distinctions between physical and mental health can lead to misunderstandings of psychological illnesses.

Psychoanalytic Model

Founded by Freud, emphasizing unresolved conflicts within the psyche.
Personality structure includes Id (instinctual desires), Ego (reality-oriented), and Superego (moral conscience).
Mental suffering results from the conflict between these components.

Psychoanalytic Treatment

Aims to provide insight into unconscious processes and unresolved conflicts.
Encourages awareness of one's defense mechanisms, such as repression and denial.

Critiques of Psychoanalytic Model

Weak empirical support; theories often unfalsifiable and not open to rigorous evaluation.

Other Psychological Models

Humanistic Model: Links mental health to thwarted self-actualization, emphasizing empathy and unconditional positive regard.
Behavioral Model: Focuses on learned associations and aims to replace maladaptive responses with healthier ones.
Cognitive-Behavioral Model: Centers on negative core beliefs and cognitive distortions; employs cognitive restructuring to address issues.

Classification and Diagnosis

DSM: First published in 1952, currently at DSM-5 and DSM-5-TR (2022); widely used in English-speaking countries for diagnosing mental disorders.
ICD: Developed by the WHO, currently in its 11th edition, used predominantly in Europe.

Pros and Cons of Diagnosis

Benefits include improved communication among professionals and the community.
Risks involve stigma, over-medicalization of normal stress responses, and questions of validity and reliability.

Key Features of DSM

Defines symptom criteria for various mental disorders; reflects a biological/medical perspective.
Includes major updates (e.g., introduction of Generalized Anxiety Disorder, removal of Asperger's Disorder) reflecting evolving understanding.
Emphasizes the importance of clinical training and experience for accurate diagnosis.

Developmental History of DSM

Early editions (DSM-I and II) heavily influenced by psychoanalytic theory; struggled with reliability and validity.
From DSM-III onwards, more focus on empirical evidence and symptom-based diagnosis rather than theoretical causation.

Major Depressive Disorder Criteria (DSM-5)

A diagnosis requires at least five symptoms, including depressed mood and significant changes in weight or sleep patterns, experienced over a two-week period.

Future Directions

Critics advocate for a dimensional understanding of mental disorders, encouraging assessments of severity rather than categorical diagnoses.
Awareness of limitations in the diagnostic system is important for ongoing research and practice.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Explore the various models of mental illness in this quiz based on PSYC1002. Learn about the classification and diagnosis of mental health conditions as presented by Dr. Elizabeth Seeley-Wait, incorporating insights from her colleagues' work. This resource aims to deepen your understanding of mental health classification.