Lecture 5
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Questions and Answers

What is the relationship between language exposure and domain-specific development?

  • There is no correlation between language exposure and domain-specific development.
  • The more children are exposed to language in a particular domain, the slower they tend to develop in that domain.
  • The more children are exposed to language in a particular domain, the faster they tend to develop in that domain. (correct)
  • Language exposure in one domain hinders development in other domains.
  • What is the outcome when parents and children put puzzles together and use more spatial words?

  • Improved vocabulary but no effect on spatial reasoning
  • No effect on spatial reasoning development
  • Slower spatial reasoning development
  • Quicker spatial reasoning development (correct)
  • What is the relationship between mental-state words in input and the ability to reason about people's mental states?

  • Mental-state words in input have no effect on the ability to reason about people's mental states.
  • More mental-state words in input predicts increased ability to reason about people's mental states. (correct)
  • More mental-state words in input predicts decreased ability to reason about people's mental states.
  • There is no correlation between mental-state words in input and the ability to reason about people's mental states.
  • What is the debate surrounding the role of language in thought and cognition?

    <p>Language plays a crucial role in shaping thought and cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the argument made by Chomsky regarding language development?

    <p>Language is too complex to be learned by behaviorist mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do interactionists suggest is an explanation for human language development?

    <p>Brain maturation and domain-general cognitive and social learning mechanisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between language and abstract thought?

    <p>Language is necessary for abstract thought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of domain-specific language input on cognitive development?

    <p>Domain-specific language input increases cognitive development in that domain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason language development receives special attention?

    <p>It is critical for thinking and problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the nativist approach to language development?

    <p>Innate language knowledge and learning guidelines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of language is concerned with the principles of language use in conversation?

    <p>Pragmatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the empiricist approach, how is language acquisition achieved?

    <p>Via positive reinforcement for saying words and sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central aspect of language development that has sparked the biggest debates?

    <p>Grammar/Syntax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach to language development emphasizes the role of domain-general maturation and cognitive/social learning?

    <p>Interactionist/Constructivist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the scientist who proposed that language acquisition occurs through positive reinforcement for saying words and sentences?

    <p>Skinner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four aspects of language development?

    <p>Phonology, Semantics, Grammar, Pragmatics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts language acquisition at 17 months?

    <p>Frequency of maternal responsiveness at 9 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed that humans have an inborn capacity for language learning?

    <p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of human language, according to Noam Chomsky?

    <p>Infinite generativity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a complex sentence structure, according to Noam Chomsky?

    <p>The man who likes cats is tall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key distinction between human language and other primate communication systems, according to Noam Chomsky?

    <p>Human language is infinitely generative, while other primate systems are limited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the set of perceptual and cognitive abilities that analyse linguistic input, according to Noam Chomsky?

    <p>Language Acquisition Device</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a sentence that demonstrates recursive sentence structure?

    <p>The man who likes cats that went to the store yesterday to pick up a new tie to match his shirt is tall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who argued that reinforcement learning and learning-through-action mechanisms cannot explain the acquisition of human language?

    <p>Noam Chomsky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carey, what is the first component of core knowledge for numbers?

    <p>Precise number of small sets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of language in learning maths, according to Carey?

    <p>To provide a new conceptual system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of categories, assumed by children and adults, according to Gelman?

    <p>Underlying essences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of labeling an individual as a member of a category, according to Gelman?

    <p>Assigns the category's essence to the individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of generic language, according to Gelman?

    <p>It reveals an underlying essence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between 'Sarah is a carrot-eater' and 'Bec eats carrots', according to Gelman?

    <p>One assigns an essence, the other is a description</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between language and numerical thought, according to Carey?

    <p>Language provides a new conceptual system for maths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of two-year-olds' counting, according to Carey?

    <p>They can count to 10, but don't understand the meaning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the vocabulary explosion in early childhood?

    <p>Children's vocabulary grows from 100-2000 words at age 2 to 5000-20,000 words at age 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of language in learning concepts of relations, according to Gentner's Natural Partitions Hypothesis?

    <p>It is necessary to form concepts of relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age does a child's vocabulary typically grow from 100-2000 words to 5000-20,000 words?

    <p>From age 2 to age 7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of describing the first row as 'daddy, mommy, baby' in Gentner's experiment with 3-year-olds?

    <p>Children pick the same relative middle object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between object concepts and relation concepts, according to Gentner's Natural Partitions Hypothesis?

    <p>Object concepts are formed through perception, while relation concepts are formed through language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind Gentner's Natural Partitions Hypothesis?

    <p>The world is divided into objects and relations, and language is more important for relations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'blanket', 'bucket', and 'broom' examples in Gentner's Natural Partitions Hypothesis?

    <p>They demonstrate the perceptual cohesiveness of objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between words and concepts, according to the content?

    <p>Words are not necessary to form concepts, but they can help to clarify them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language Development

    • Language development is a critical aspect of human development, as it is essential for thinking, problem-solving, socializing, and cultural transmission.

    Aspects of Language

    • There are four aspects of language:
      • Phonology: the sounds used by the speakers of a language
      • Semantics: the meaning of words and utterances
      • Grammar/Syntax: the form or structure of a language, rules for combining words into meaningful sentences
      • Pragmatics: the principles specifying how language is used in conversation, how discourse is structured

    Approaches to Language Development

    • There are three approaches to language development:
      • Empiricist/Behaviorist Approach: language development is a result of learning and environment (e.g., Skinner, Bandura)
      • Nativist Approach: language development is influenced by innate language knowledge and learning guidelines (e.g., Chomsky, Pinker)
      • Interactionist/Constructivist Approach: language development is a result of domain-general maturation and cognitive/social learning (e.g., Bates, Tomasello)

    Empiricist/Behaviorist Approach

    • According to Skinner, language acquisition occurs through positive reinforcement for saying words and sentences
    • The more children are exposed to language in a particular domain, the faster they tend to develop in that domain

    Nativist Approach

    • Chomsky argued that language is too complex to be learned by the learning mechanisms of behaviorism and Piaget, thus language must have an innate special learning device
    • Language Acquisition Device (LAD): a set of perceptual and cognitive abilities that analyze linguistic input
    • Recursion: sentences can be embedded within sentences, a feature unique to human language

    How Language Helps Us Think

    • Language may be necessary for abstract thought, to understand relations among objects and events, and specifically to understand numbers
    • Language can attribute essences to categories and individual category members
    • Domain-specific language input increases domain-specific cognitive development

    Cognitive Development and Language

    • Piaget's theory: vocabulary explosion (approx 2-6 years) and children's vocabulary grows from 100-2000 words at age 2 to 5000-20,000 words at age 7
    • The meanings of words are concepts, but can we have concepts without words?
    • Gentner's Natural Partitions Hypothesis: language is not needed to form object concepts, but is critical for learning concepts of relations

    Learning Numbers

    • Carey's theory: core knowledge for numbers (shared by infants and animals) includes two components: precise number of small sets and analog magnitude scale
    • Language provides a new conceptual system for learning math
    • Children can count to 10 and beyond, but this doesn't mean they know what those words mean

    Conceptual Essentialism

    • Gelman's theory: when children form categories, they assume they are not arbitrary sets and have underlying essences
    • Labels can create stronger stereotypes, and children think that labels indicate an essence to a category and assign the category's essence to individuals

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    Description

    This quiz covers major theoretical approaches to language development and how language helps us think, focusing on the critical differences between humans and other animals.

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