Questions and Answers
Which hypothesis explains how some people appear to have early life memories?
How would Bakary's drawing likely differ from the original image he saw?
He will probably draw the line E with a curve, omit lines A and B, and connect lines C and D to the circles.
Match the memory error with the corresponding scenario.
Source Amnesia = Damien thinks Finland has gone to war but can't remember where he heard it. Error in Reality Monitoring = Aïcha believes an argument in a dream was real. Error in Source Monitoring = Elna thinks she wrote a good poem but it's from a song.
What is the name for the period of occipital activity after seeing a photograph?
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If an individual has a severely impaired short-term memory, they will be unable to form long-term memories.
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Rank the study strategies from best to worst for exam preparation.
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Match the activity to the setting where it's likely easiest to remember how to do it.
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H.M., later known as Henry Molaison, had portions of his ______ removed to treat epilepsy.
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Each time the eye is exposed to a particular stimulus, it produces an identical pattern of activity in the brain.
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Memory distortions mainly occur when the stakes associated with recalling correctly are low.
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How do episodic memories with a strong emotional component differ?
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Why do we often not notice continuity errors in film?
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Which of the following practices could lead to the construction of false memories?
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Which conclusions can be drawn from the results in the study by Anderson and Green?
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Encoding failure is more likely a failure of attention than a failure of long-term memory.
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People recall more memories from certain life periods than others.
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One function of the central executive is to judge which information is irrelevant.
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The study of human memory was substantially advanced by studying sea slugs.
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Multiple-choice tests are necessarily easier than free-response tests.
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Rank the four men in order of how well they are likely to remember the bank birth event.
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Which statements about the phenomenon of seeing the word LOVE with a sparkler are true?
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Memory consolidation involves a strengthening of synaptic connections in a process called ______.
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Which of the following are examples of semantic memory?
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Which experience is likely encoded at the shallowest level of processing?
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Study Notes
Early Childhood Memories
- Adults often lack memories before age three, but some report vivid early memories.
- The hypothesis suggests intense emotional experiences are retold by families, leading to children reconstructing these as memories.
Memory Reconstruction and Drawing
- When asked to draw an ambiguous image after a delay, people tend to make adjustments influenced by their prior knowledge, often omitting and altering details.
Source and Reality Monitoring Errors
- Source amnesia occurs when a person cannot attribute a memory to its source; e.g., Damien not recalling where he heard a rumor.
- Reality monitoring errors happen when experiences from dreams are mistaken for real life; e.g., Aïcha's dream argument.
- Source monitoring errors involve recalling information without recognizing its origin, like Elna misattributing a poem.
Neural Persistence
- Occipital lobe activity following visual stimuli is called neural persistence, which allows individuals to experience afterimages.
Short-Term Memory and Long-Term Memory
- Severely impaired short-term memory does not necessarily prevent forming long-term memories.
Effective Study Strategies
- Active recall, such as José trying to remember concepts without notes, is effective.
- Creating concept maps and rereading text have varying levels of effectiveness.
Encoding Specificity Principle
- Memory recall is improved when learning occurs in the same context as retrieval; e.g., practicing free throws in a basketball setting enhances performance.
Patient H.M. and Memory Distinction
- H.M., whose medial temporal lobes were removed, retained working memory but lost the ability to form new long-term memories, highlighting their separateness.
Memory Response Patterns
- Eye exposure to stimuli does not consistently produce identical brain activity; variability exists.
- Memory distortions are more likely when recalling high-stakes events, contrary to common assumptions.
Emotional vs. Non-Emotional Memories
- Emotional memories are less prone to forgetting compared to less emotionally charged ones.
Sensory Memory and Attention
- Sensory memory retains a large amount of information but for a very short duration, affecting how we perceive continuity in film.
Construction of False Memories
- False memories can arise from stories told by others, imagined events, and misleading associations; accuracy is hindered by immediate rehearsal and focused attention.
Effects of Rehearsal vs. Suppression
- Rehearsal enhances recall, while suppression decreases memory accessibility, indicating a relationship between rehearsal times and memory retention.
Encoding Failure
- Encoding failures typically relate to lapses in attention rather than retrieval deficits in long-term memory.
Memory Vividness by Life Periods
- Individuals recall more vivid memories from certain life periods, often coinciding with significant personal experiences.
Functions of the Central Executive
- The central executive in working memory evaluates the relevance of information for retention.
Contributions to Memory Research
- The study of memory mechanisms in sea slugs helped advance understanding of human memory processes.
Memory Test Difficulty
- Multiple-choice tests might not inherently be easier than free-response tests; recognition and recall are context-dependent.
Memory Recall Factors
- Memory recall following significant events varies, with individuals like Shane, having higher working memory and experience, likely remembering more vividly than those with impairments.
Iconic Memory and Perception
- Iconic memory allows brief retention of visual information, and effects like those seen with a sparkler spell convey neural persistence in the brain.
Memory Consolidation and Synapses
- Memory formation involves strengthening synaptic connections, particularly through long-term potentiation, influenced by molecules like CREB.
Semantic Memory Examples
- Semantic memory includes recalling learned information, rules, or previously memorized content, rather than incidental experiences such as eating while reading.
Shallow Processing Levels
- The shallowest level of memory processing is demonstrated by unfamiliar cultural symbols or alphabets, which are less likely to be deeply encoded.
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Description
Test your knowledge on Chapter 7 of PSYC100, which focuses on memory. This quiz explores the phenomenon of early life memories and the controversies surrounding them. Engage with the content and enhance your understanding of psychological concepts related to memory.
