PSYC 2013 Chapter 8 Flashcards

Intelligence and Testing

• Intelligence is defined as the ability to reason, make decisions, comprehend events, and adapt to environmental challenges.
• Achievement tests assess current skill and knowledge levels through standardized testing.
• Aptitude tests aim to predict future performance based on standardized assessments.
• Psychometrics is the science of measuring mental attributes, particularly intelligence, using standardized tests.

Decision-Making Concepts

• Framing effects occur when decisions are influenced by how choices are presented, emphasizing gains or losses.
• The availability heuristic leads to hasty judgments based on readily accessible information, often ignoring more accurate sources.
• Affective forecasting involves overestimating the emotional impact of outcomes, affecting decision-making.
• The representativeness heuristic relies on categorizing individuals or objects based on stereotypes.

Cognitive Biases

• Anchoring bias occurs when initial information influences evaluations of subsequent data, particularly in numerical contexts.
• Stereotypes can restrict opportunities and are often based on gender roles; they can be beneficial but are not typically conscious processes.

Language and Communication

• Morphemes are the smallest units carrying meaning in language.
• Syntax refers to the rules governing sentence structure.
• Semantics deals with the underlying meaning in phrases or sentences.
• Broca's area is responsible for language production, while Wernicke's area is crucial for language comprehension.
• Phonemes represent the basic sounds of speech.

Categorization and Conceptual Understanding

• A prototype is the best representative example of a category, while an exemplar is any member of that category.
• Categories group items based on shared properties to help organize information.
• Symbolic representations include concepts like mathematical equations and ingredient lists, while sketches and signs are not considered symbolic.

Intelligence Types

• Crystallized intelligence involves knowledge retention and practical application.
• The g factor indicates high overall intelligence ability.
• Fluid intelligence pertains to flexible and innovative thinking.

Problem-Solving Strategies

• Restructuring a problem involves finding a new way to approach a situation for effective solutions.
• Working backward starts from the desired outcome and traces steps back to the beginning.
• Creating subgoals breaks tasks into manageable segments for better organization.

Types of Intelligence

• Practical intelligence is the ability to assess physical spaces and understand people's characters.
• Creative intelligence encompasses innovative thinking and problem-solving skills.

Explore key concepts from PSYC 2013 Chapter 8 with these flashcards. This set covers essential terms such as intelligence, achievement tests, aptitude tests, and psychometrics. Perfect for quick revision and understanding of psychological assessment tools.