Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which of the following views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction?
Which of the following views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction?
- Psychological approach
- Sociocultural approach
- Biological approach (correct)
- Cognitive approach
People who favor a sociocultural approach generally view psychological disorders as which of the following?
People who favor a sociocultural approach generally view psychological disorders as which of the following?
- Genetically determined
- Falling along a continuum (correct)
- Discrete categories
- Brain dysfunction
Those who view psychological disorders from a biological perspective focus on which of the following?
Those who view psychological disorders from a biological perspective focus on which of the following?
- Traumatic events
- Deficits in neurobiological processes (correct)
- Social factors
- Cognitive development
According to the __________________ approaches, cognition and emotional control fall along a continuum.
According to the __________________ approaches, cognition and emotional control fall along a continuum.
A(n) _______________ is a treatment that addresses those factors the theory says cause the phenomenon.
A(n) _______________ is a treatment that addresses those factors the theory says cause the phenomenon.
The three general approaches to understanding psychological disorders are the sociocultural approach, the psychological approach, and the _____________________ approach.
The three general approaches to understanding psychological disorders are the sociocultural approach, the psychological approach, and the _____________________ approach.
The _______________________ approach to understanding psychological disorders recognizes that disorders are often a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
The _______________________ approach to understanding psychological disorders recognizes that disorders are often a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.
The ____________________ approach generally views psychological disorders as falling along a continuum because it does not view these disorders as vastly different from normal functioning.
The ____________________ approach generally views psychological disorders as falling along a continuum because it does not view these disorders as vastly different from normal functioning.
Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?
Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?
No longer viewing psychological disorders as either present or absent, proponents of the biological approaches have adopted which of the following models?
No longer viewing psychological disorders as either present or absent, proponents of the biological approaches have adopted which of the following models?
Which of the following statements is true of biological approaches to understanding abnormality?
Which of the following statements is true of biological approaches to understanding abnormality?
Psychological approaches to disorders have also been moving toward which type of model?
Psychological approaches to disorders have also been moving toward which type of model?
The three main regions of the brain are the hindbrain, midbrain, and the _______________.
The three main regions of the brain are the hindbrain, midbrain, and the _______________.
A set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon is called which of the following?
A set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon is called which of the following?
Which areas of the midbrain relay sensory information and control movement?
Which areas of the midbrain relay sensory information and control movement?
Which of the following is the name of the approach that recognizes that psychological disorders often are caused by a combination of factors?
Which of the following is the name of the approach that recognizes that psychological disorders often are caused by a combination of factors?
What is the brain structure that sits on the top of the spinal cord and is crucial in basic life functions?
What is the brain structure that sits on the top of the spinal cord and is crucial in basic life functions?
The diathesis-stress model places importance on both a risk factor and a ________________ or stress.
The diathesis-stress model places importance on both a risk factor and a ________________ or stress.
Which of the following are causes of abnormality on which the biological approach often focuses? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following are causes of abnormality on which the biological approach often focuses? (Select all that apply.)
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?
What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?
Which of the following lists the three main regions of the brain?
Which of the following lists the three main regions of the brain?
The ________________ directs incoming information from the sense receptors to the cerebrum.
The ________________ directs incoming information from the sense receptors to the cerebrum.
Which of the following structures are part of the midbrain? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following structures are part of the midbrain? (Select all that apply.)
Which area of the hindbrain is concerned primarily with the coordination of movement?
Which area of the hindbrain is concerned primarily with the coordination of movement?
Which structure of the forebrain is involved in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual behavior?
Which structure of the forebrain is involved in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual behavior?
Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?
Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?
Which of the following statements are true about the cerebral cortex? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following statements are true about the cerebral cortex? (Select all that apply.)
Which structure of the forebrain is the sensory relay station to the cerebrum?
Which structure of the forebrain is the sensory relay station to the cerebrum?
Which set of structures regulates many instinctive behaviors?
Which set of structures regulates many instinctive behaviors?
Which part of the midbrain forms a crucial part of the pathway that regulates responses to reward?
Which part of the midbrain forms a crucial part of the pathway that regulates responses to reward?
The hypothalamus regulates which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply.)
The hypothalamus regulates which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply.)
The two main chemicals in the brain are neurotransmitters and ________________.
The two main chemicals in the brain are neurotransmitters and ________________.
What biochemicals act as messengers by carrying impulses from one neuron to another?
What biochemicals act as messengers by carrying impulses from one neuron to another?
Which part of the limbic system plays a role in memory?
Which part of the limbic system plays a role in memory?
Which of the following is the part of the neuron that, when stimulated, releases a neurotransmitter?
Which of the following is the part of the neuron that, when stimulated, releases a neurotransmitter?
Information goes from one neuron to the next at which of the following?
Information goes from one neuron to the next at which of the following?
Which of the following are the two main chemicals in the brain?
Which of the following are the two main chemicals in the brain?
The ________________________ is released into the gap and binds to special receptors, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.
The ________________________ is released into the gap and binds to special receptors, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.
Which of the following is true of neurotransmitters?
Which of the following is true of neurotransmitters?
The process of ____________ occurs when the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter.
The process of ____________ occurs when the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter.
Which of the following is the process in which receiving neurons release an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals?
Which of the following is the process in which receiving neurons release an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals?
Which of the following is not a part of a neuron?
Which of the following is not a part of a neuron?
The gap between neurons is called the ______________ gap.
The gap between neurons is called the ______________ gap.
Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in depression?
Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in depression?
Which of the following is not true about synaptic transmission?
Which of the following is not true about synaptic transmission?
When does reuptake occur?
When does reuptake occur?
Which neurotransmitter is prominent in those areas of the brain associated with our experience of rewards or reinforcements?
Which neurotransmitter is prominent in those areas of the brain associated with our experience of rewards or reinforcements?
When does degradation occur?
When does degradation occur?
Which neurotransmitter is produced mainly by neurons in the brain stem?
Which neurotransmitter is produced mainly by neurons in the brain stem?
Which of the following is the part of the neuron that is a long, slender, tubelike extension?
Which of the following is the part of the neuron that is a long, slender, tubelike extension?
Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in emotional well-being?
Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in emotional well-being?
GABA is which of the following?
GABA is which of the following?
Which transmitter is important to the functioning of muscle systems and plays a role in disorders such as Parkinson's disease?
Which transmitter is important to the functioning of muscle systems and plays a role in disorders such as Parkinson's disease?
The endocrine system secretes messenger chemicals called which of the following?
The endocrine system secretes messenger chemicals called which of the following?
Cocaine and amphetamines prolong the action of which neurotransmitter, causing the stimulating psychological effects of these drugs?
Cocaine and amphetamines prolong the action of which neurotransmitter, causing the stimulating psychological effects of these drugs?
Which of the following are parts of a neuron? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following are parts of a neuron? (Select all that apply.)
Messenger chemicals traveling throughout the body are called which of the following?
Messenger chemicals traveling throughout the body are called which of the following?
Which neurotransmitter inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters?
Which neurotransmitter inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters?
Which gland in the endocrine system is called the master gland?
Which gland in the endocrine system is called the master gland?
The ____________ system consists of a system of glands throughout the body.
The ____________ system consists of a system of glands throughout the body.
Behavior genetics is concerned with which of the following questions? (Select all that apply.)
Behavior genetics is concerned with which of the following questions? (Select all that apply.)
Chemicals that travel throughout the body potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress are called which of the following?
Chemicals that travel throughout the body potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress are called which of the following?
A ______________________ is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes.
A ______________________ is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes.
The pituitary gland is called the master gland because of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
The pituitary gland is called the master gland because of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Many psychological disorders occur because of the impact of numerous genetic influences. This is referred to as a _____________ effect.
Many psychological disorders occur because of the impact of numerous genetic influences. This is referred to as a _____________ effect.
The study of the genetics of personality and abnormality is called which of the following?
The study of the genetics of personality and abnormality is called which of the following?
_______________ factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose, which then reinforce our genetically influenced personalities and interests.
_______________ factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose, which then reinforce our genetically influenced personalities and interests.
Which of the following statements are true about chromosomes? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following statements are true about chromosomes? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following statements reflects the best rationale for using drugs to treat psychological disorders?
Which of the following statements reflects the best rationale for using drugs to treat psychological disorders?
Polygenic refers to which of the following?
Polygenic refers to which of the following?
___________________ drugs help reduce the symptoms of psychosis.
___________________ drugs help reduce the symptoms of psychosis.
_________________ were the first group of antipsychotic drugs.
_________________ were the first group of antipsychotic drugs.
The environment may act as a ____________ for a genetic tendency; for example, the presence of at least one s allele on the serotonin transporter gene may increase an individual's chance of developing depression.
The environment may act as a ____________ for a genetic tendency; for example, the presence of at least one s allele on the serotonin transporter gene may increase an individual's chance of developing depression.
Which of the following statements are true about tardive dyskinesia? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following statements are true about tardive dyskinesia? (Select all that apply.)
Tardive dyskinesia has which symptoms?
Tardive dyskinesia has which symptoms?
Which of the following is the most common biological treatment for abnormality?
Which of the following is the most common biological treatment for abnormality?
___________________ drugs reduce symptoms of depression.
___________________ drugs reduce symptoms of depression.
Which types of drugs help reduce hallucinations and delusions?
Which types of drugs help reduce hallucinations and delusions?
Common side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Common side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
The first group of antipsychotic drugs was known as ________________________.
The first group of antipsychotic drugs was known as ________________________.
______________ is widely used as a mood stabilizer and is a metallic element.
______________ is widely used as a mood stabilizer and is a metallic element.
Phenothiazines caused which of the following side effects? (Select all that apply.)
Phenothiazines caused which of the following side effects? (Select all that apply.)
Besides lithium, which drugs are also being used in the treatment of mania?
Besides lithium, which drugs are also being used in the treatment of mania?
Which of the following newer medications seem to be effective in treating psychosis without some of the side effects of the earlier drugs?
Which of the following newer medications seem to be effective in treating psychosis without some of the side effects of the earlier drugs?
Which of the following were the first group of antianxiety drugs?
Which of the following were the first group of antianxiety drugs?
Which of the following drugs reduce low motivation and sleep and eating disturbances?
Which of the following drugs reduce low motivation and sleep and eating disturbances?
For which purpose are benzodiazepines most often used?
For which purpose are benzodiazepines most often used?
SNRIs are designed to target which of the following?
SNRIs are designed to target which of the following?
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for the treatment of which of the following?
Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for the treatment of which of the following?
Lithium's side effects include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Lithium's side effects include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following is a new procedure that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures?
Which of the following is a new procedure that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures?
True or false: Anticonvulsants used to treat mania have fewer side effects than lithium.
True or false: Anticonvulsants used to treat mania have fewer side effects than lithium.
Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are attached to the vagus nerve?
Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are attached to the vagus nerve?
Which of the following are dangers of using barbiturates? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following are dangers of using barbiturates? (Select all that apply.)
Which is a significant side effect of a lobotomy?
Which is a significant side effect of a lobotomy?
Which of the following are dangers of using benzodiazepines? (Select all that apply.)
Which of the following are dangers of using benzodiazepines? (Select all that apply.)
One of the most invasive treatments for psychological disorders is which of the following?
One of the most invasive treatments for psychological disorders is which of the following?
Originally developed to treat ____________________, electroconvulsive therapy was a common form of treatment up to the 1970s.
Originally developed to treat ____________________, electroconvulsive therapy was a common form of treatment up to the 1970s.
Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain?
Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain?
Today, psychosurgery is more precise and safer due to which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)
Today, psychosurgery is more precise and safer due to which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)
Study Notes
Understanding Psychological Disorders
- Disorders can be approached from different perspectives: biological, psychological, and sociocultural.
- The biological approach views disorders as resulting from abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction.
- Psychological approaches focus on cognition and emotional regulation, often considering these along a continuum.
Models of Understanding
- The diathesis-stress model highlights that disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress converge in an individual.
- A biopsychosocial approach acknowledges the influence of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in understanding disorders.
- Continuum models in biological perspectives suggest disorders exist on a spectrum rather than as binary states.
Brain Structure
- The brain consists of three main regions: hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
- Key structures within the midbrain include the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and substantia nigra.
- The thalamus serves as a sensory relay station to the cerebrum, while the hindbrain is crucial for basic life functions including coordination of movement.
Neurotransmitters and Hormones
- Neurotransmitters and hormones are vital biochemical messengers affecting behavior and emotional states.
- GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, working to regulate the activity of other neurotransmitters.
- Dopamine is linked to reward responses and is significant in disorders such as Parkinson's disease; serotonin impacts mood and emotional well-being.
Genetic Influences on Behavior
- Behavioral genetics analyzes the inheritance of behavioral tendencies and how genes affect behavior.
- Chromosomes, which contain genes, can determine inherited characteristics and when altered, can lead to major defects.
- Polygenic effects refer to the influence of multiple genes on psychological traits or disorders.
Drug Treatments for Psychological Disorders
- Antipsychotic drugs, including phenothiazines, reduce symptoms of psychosis but can lead to side effects like tardive dyskinesia.
- Antidepressants target symptoms of depression, with SSRIs and SNRIs being common choices; side effects include nausea and sexual dysfunction.
- Lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer, especially in manic episodes, while anticonvulsants can also effectively treat mania with fewer side effects.
Advanced Treatment Procedures
- Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for severe depression; newer treatments like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation focus high-intensity pulses on brain structures.
- Vagus nerve stimulation involves attaching electrodes to the vagus nerve, while deep brain stimulation surgically implants electrodes in specific brain regions.
- Psychosurgery, once common for various mental disorders, is now more precise thanks to advances in surgical and neurological techniques.
Risks and Side Effects of Treatments
- Barbiturates carry risks including withdrawal delirium and addiction; benzodiazepines also pose significant addiction and withdrawal concerns.
- Often, drug treatments must balance therapeutic benefits with potential side effects, underscoring the complexity of managing psychological disorders.
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Description
Test your knowledge with flashcards from PSY 240 Chapter 2. This set covers various perspectives on psychological disorders, including biological and sociocultural approaches. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts and definitions as you prepare for your exams.
