PSY 240 Chapter 2 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction?

Psychological approach

Sociocultural approach

Biological approach (correct)

Cognitive approach

People who favor a sociocultural approach generally view psychological disorders as which of the following?

Genetically determined

Falling along a continuum (correct)

Discrete categories

Brain dysfunction

Those who view psychological disorders from a biological perspective focus on which of the following?

Traumatic events

Deficits in neurobiological processes (correct)

Social factors

Cognitive development

According to the __________________ approaches, cognition and emotional control fall along a continuum.

psychological Signup and view all the answers

A(n) _______________ is a treatment that addresses those factors the theory says cause the phenomenon.

therapy Signup and view all the answers

The three general approaches to understanding psychological disorders are the sociocultural approach, the psychological approach, and the _____________________ approach.

biological Signup and view all the answers

The _______________________ approach to understanding psychological disorders recognizes that disorders are often a combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

biopsychosocial Signup and view all the answers

The ____________________ approach generally views psychological disorders as falling along a continuum because it does not view these disorders as vastly different from normal functioning.

sociocultural Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?

Diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

No longer viewing psychological disorders as either present or absent, proponents of the biological approaches have adopted which of the following models?

Continuum Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true of biological approaches to understanding abnormality?

Brain dysfunction, biochemical imbalances, and genetic abnormalities can influence one another. Signup and view all the answers

Psychological approaches to disorders have also been moving toward which type of model?

Continuum model Signup and view all the answers

The three main regions of the brain are the hindbrain, midbrain, and the _______________.

forebrain Signup and view all the answers

A set of ideas that provides a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon is called which of the following?

Theory Signup and view all the answers

Which areas of the midbrain relay sensory information and control movement?

Superior colliculus and inferior colliculus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the name of the approach that recognizes that psychological disorders often are caused by a combination of factors?

Biopsychosocial Signup and view all the answers

What is the brain structure that sits on the top of the spinal cord and is crucial in basic life functions?

Hindbrain Signup and view all the answers

The diathesis-stress model places importance on both a risk factor and a ________________ or stress.

trigger Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are causes of abnormality on which the biological approach often focuses? (Select all that apply.)

Biochemical imbalances Signup and view all the answers

What is the outer layer of the cerebrum called?

Cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following lists the three main regions of the brain?

The hindbrain, midbrain, and the forebrain Signup and view all the answers

The ________________ directs incoming information from the sense receptors to the cerebrum.

thalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures are part of the midbrain? (Select all that apply.)

Substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the hindbrain is concerned primarily with the coordination of movement?

Cerebellum Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the forebrain is involved in regulating eating, drinking, and sexual behavior?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which model suggests that psychological disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress come together in the same individual?

Diathesis-stress model Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are true about the cerebral cortex? (Select all that apply.)

It is composed of two hemispheres. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of the forebrain is the sensory relay station to the cerebrum?

Thalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which set of structures regulates many instinctive behaviors?

Limbic system Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the midbrain forms a crucial part of the pathway that regulates responses to reward?

Substantia nigra Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus regulates which of the following behaviors? (Select all that apply.)

Eating Signup and view all the answers

The two main chemicals in the brain are neurotransmitters and ________________.

hormones Signup and view all the answers

What biochemicals act as messengers by carrying impulses from one neuron to another?

Neurotransmitters Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the limbic system plays a role in memory?

Hippocampus Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the part of the neuron that, when stimulated, releases a neurotransmitter?

Synaptic terminal Signup and view all the answers

Information goes from one neuron to the next at which of the following?

Synapse Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are the two main chemicals in the brain?

Neurotransmitters and hormones Signup and view all the answers

The ________________________ is released into the gap and binds to special receptors, molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons.

neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of neurotransmitters?

They carry impulses from one neuron to another. Signup and view all the answers

The process of ____________ occurs when the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter.

reuptake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the process in which receiving neurons release an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals?

Degradation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of a neuron?

Glia Signup and view all the answers

The gap between neurons is called the ______________ gap.

synaptic Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in depression?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not true about synaptic transmission?

The impulse travels down the dendrite to cause the release of more neurotransmitters. Signup and view all the answers

When does reuptake occur?

When the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter into the synapse reabsorbs the neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is prominent in those areas of the brain associated with our experience of rewards or reinforcements?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

When does degradation occur?

When the receiving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse that breaks down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is produced mainly by neurons in the brain stem?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the part of the neuron that is a long, slender, tubelike extension?

Axon Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter plays an important role in emotional well-being?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

GABA is which of the following?

Inhibitory neurotransmitter Signup and view all the answers

Which transmitter is important to the functioning of muscle systems and plays a role in disorders such as Parkinson's disease?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

The endocrine system secretes messenger chemicals called which of the following?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

Cocaine and amphetamines prolong the action of which neurotransmitter, causing the stimulating psychological effects of these drugs?

Norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are parts of a neuron? (Select all that apply.)

Cell body Signup and view all the answers

Messenger chemicals traveling throughout the body are called which of the following?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which gland in the endocrine system is called the master gland?

Pituitary gland Signup and view all the answers

The ____________ system consists of a system of glands throughout the body.

endocrine Signup and view all the answers

Behavior genetics is concerned with which of the following questions? (Select all that apply.)

To what extent are behavioral tendencies inherited? Signup and view all the answers

Chemicals that travel throughout the body potentially affecting a person's moods, levels of energy, and reactions to stress are called which of the following?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

A ______________________ is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes.

chromosome Signup and view all the answers

The pituitary gland is called the master gland because of which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

It controls the secretions of other endocrine glands. Signup and view all the answers

Many psychological disorders occur because of the impact of numerous genetic influences. This is referred to as a _____________ effect.

polygenic Signup and view all the answers

The study of the genetics of personality and abnormality is called which of the following?

Behavioral genetics Signup and view all the answers

_______________ factors can influence the kinds of environments we choose, which then reinforce our genetically influenced personalities and interests.

Genetic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are true about chromosomes? (Select all that apply.)

Chromosomes determine inherited characteristics. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the best rationale for using drugs to treat psychological disorders?

Drugs improve the functioning of neurotransmitter systems. Signup and view all the answers

Polygenic refers to which of the following?

The effect of multiple genes on a trait Signup and view all the answers

___________________ drugs help reduce the symptoms of psychosis.

Antipsychotic Signup and view all the answers

_________________ were the first group of antipsychotic drugs.

Phenothiazines Signup and view all the answers

The environment may act as a ____________ for a genetic tendency; for example, the presence of at least one s allele on the serotonin transporter gene may increase an individual's chance of developing depression.

catalyst Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements are true about tardive dyskinesia? (Select all that apply.)

It results from taking antipsychotic drugs for an extended period of time. Signup and view all the answers

Tardive dyskinesia has which symptoms?

Involuntary movements of the tongue, face, mouth or jaw Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common biological treatment for abnormality?

Drug treatment Signup and view all the answers

___________________ drugs reduce symptoms of depression.

Antidepressant Signup and view all the answers

Which types of drugs help reduce hallucinations and delusions?

Antipsychotic drugs Signup and view all the answers

Common side effects of SSRIs and SNRIs include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Nausea Signup and view all the answers

The first group of antipsychotic drugs was known as ________________________.

phenothiazines Signup and view all the answers

______________ is widely used as a mood stabilizer and is a metallic element.

Lithium Signup and view all the answers

Phenothiazines caused which of the following side effects? (Select all that apply.)

Tardive dyskinesia Signup and view all the answers

Besides lithium, which drugs are also being used in the treatment of mania?

Anticonvulsants Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following newer medications seem to be effective in treating psychosis without some of the side effects of the earlier drugs?

Atypical antipsychotics Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following were the first group of antianxiety drugs?

Barbiturates Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs reduce low motivation and sleep and eating disturbances?

Antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

For which purpose are benzodiazepines most often used?

As sleeping pills Signup and view all the answers

SNRIs are designed to target which of the following?

Both serotonin and norepinephrine Signup and view all the answers

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for the treatment of which of the following?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

Lithium's side effects include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Blurred vision Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a new procedure that exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses focused on particular brain structures?

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation Signup and view all the answers

True or false: Anticonvulsants used to treat mania have fewer side effects than lithium.

True Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are attached to the vagus nerve?

Vagus nerve stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are dangers of using barbiturates? (Select all that apply.)

Withdrawal convulsions Signup and view all the answers

Which is a significant side effect of a lobotomy?

Inability to initiate activity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are dangers of using benzodiazepines? (Select all that apply.)

They cause withdrawal symptoms of profuse sweating. Signup and view all the answers

One of the most invasive treatments for psychological disorders is which of the following?

Psychosurgery Signup and view all the answers

Originally developed to treat ____________________, electroconvulsive therapy was a common form of treatment up to the 1970s.

schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the procedure in which electrodes are surgically implanted in specific areas of the brain?

Deep brain stimulation Signup and view all the answers

Today, psychosurgery is more precise and safer due to which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

Advances in modern neurological assessment Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding Psychological Disorders

Disorders can be approached from different perspectives: biological, psychological, and sociocultural.
The biological approach views disorders as resulting from abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction.
Psychological approaches focus on cognition and emotional regulation, often considering these along a continuum.

Models of Understanding

The diathesis-stress model highlights that disorders emerge when a risk factor and a trigger or stress converge in an individual.
A biopsychosocial approach acknowledges the influence of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors in understanding disorders.
Continuum models in biological perspectives suggest disorders exist on a spectrum rather than as binary states.

Brain Structure

The brain consists of three main regions: hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.
Key structures within the midbrain include the superior colliculus, inferior colliculus, and substantia nigra.
The thalamus serves as a sensory relay station to the cerebrum, while the hindbrain is crucial for basic life functions including coordination of movement.

Neurotransmitters and Hormones

Neurotransmitters and hormones are vital biochemical messengers affecting behavior and emotional states.
GABA functions as an inhibitory neurotransmitter, working to regulate the activity of other neurotransmitters.
Dopamine is linked to reward responses and is significant in disorders such as Parkinson's disease; serotonin impacts mood and emotional well-being.

Genetic Influences on Behavior

Behavioral genetics analyzes the inheritance of behavioral tendencies and how genes affect behavior.
Chromosomes, which contain genes, can determine inherited characteristics and when altered, can lead to major defects.
Polygenic effects refer to the influence of multiple genes on psychological traits or disorders.

Drug Treatments for Psychological Disorders

Antipsychotic drugs, including phenothiazines, reduce symptoms of psychosis but can lead to side effects like tardive dyskinesia.
Antidepressants target symptoms of depression, with SSRIs and SNRIs being common choices; side effects include nausea and sexual dysfunction.
Lithium is primarily used as a mood stabilizer, especially in manic episodes, while anticonvulsants can also effectively treat mania with fewer side effects.

Advanced Treatment Procedures

Electroconvulsive therapy is effective for severe depression; newer treatments like repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation focus high-intensity pulses on brain structures.
Vagus nerve stimulation involves attaching electrodes to the vagus nerve, while deep brain stimulation surgically implants electrodes in specific brain regions.
Psychosurgery, once common for various mental disorders, is now more precise thanks to advances in surgical and neurological techniques.

Risks and Side Effects of Treatments

Barbiturates carry risks including withdrawal delirium and addiction; benzodiazepines also pose significant addiction and withdrawal concerns.
Often, drug treatments must balance therapeutic benefits with potential side effects, underscoring the complexity of managing psychological disorders.

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Test your knowledge with flashcards from PSY 240 Chapter 2. This set covers various perspectives on psychological disorders, including biological and sociocultural approaches. Perfect for reinforcing key concepts and definitions as you prepare for your exams.