PSW 1017 Midterm Prep: Weeks 1-6

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Questions and Answers

What is the MOST appropriate way for a PSW to demonstrate empathetic listening to a client?

  • Sharing personal success stories to inspire the client.
  • Providing immediate solutions to the client's challenges.
  • Offering advice on how to quickly overcome difficulties.
  • Allowing the client to express feelings without interruption, providing emotional support and validation. (correct)

When assisting a client from the bed to a wheelchair, what is the correct technique a PSW should use?

  • Bend the back forward to reach the client's legs more easily.
  • Bend the knees and keep the back straight while assisting the client. (correct)
  • Use a single-hand lift under the client's arms to raise them.
  • Tilt the client to one side and then lift them from the bed.

A PSW is preparing to move a client with a history of hip fractures and limited mobility, who weighs significantly more than the PSW. Which action is MOST appropriate?

  • Use a mechanical lift to transfer the client.
  • Request assistance from another staff member and use the mechanical lift to transfer the client. (correct)
  • Ask the client to bear weight on the injured limb to assess the extent of the fracture.
  • Use a transfer belt to transfer the client from the bed to the wheelchair.

During range-of-motion exercises, a client expresses discomfort and resistance. What should the PSW do?

<p>Stop the exercise immediately and report the discomfort to the healthcare team. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

An elderly client in a long-term care facility with a high risk of falls needs to use the bathroom but is unsteady. To minimize the risk of a fall, the PSW should:

<p>Use a gait belt and provide support while assisting the client to the bathroom. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client with dysphagia is having difficulty swallowing their meal. What should the PSW's PRIMARY action be?

<p>Report the difficulty swallowing to the healthcare team and follow their recommendations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client becomes agitated and verbally aggressive towards a PSW. What is the MOST appropriate initial response from the PSW?

<p>Attempt to identify the cause of the agitation and speak in a calm, reassuring manner. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While providing personal care, a PSW notices a new skin breakdown on a client's hip. What is the MOST important action for the PSW to take?

<p>Document the observation and report it to the appropriate healthcare professional. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action most effectively breaks the 'mode of transmission' link in the chain of infection?

<p>Ensuring proper disposal of contaminated materials. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with their bath. When is it most important for the PSW to wear gloves?

<p>Every time the PSW assists with bathing, regardless of the client's health status. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important reason for a PSW to wear an N95 respirator when caring for a client with confirmed multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB)?

<p>To protect against airborne transmission of the bacteria. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these techniques demonstrates active listening when communicating with a client experiencing grief?

<p>Repeating what the client has said to ensure understanding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To ensure safe feeding for a client, which action should a PSW prioritize?

<p>Providing thickened liquids and soft, manageable food textures as recommended by the speech therapist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When preparing to make an occupied bed for a client, which step should the PSW prioritize for infection control and safety?

<p>Ensuring the bed linens do not touch the floor during the process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client is having a difficult time adjusting to life in long-term care. What is the most appropriate initial response from the PSW?

<p>Acknowledging the client's feelings and offering a listening ear. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for using proper body mechanics when lifting or moving a client?

<p>To prevent injury to the PSW and the client. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is providing oral hygiene care to a client with limited mobility and cognitive impairment. The client clenches their teeth tightly and refuses to open their mouth. What is the most appropriate action for the PSW to take?

<p>Respect the client's choice and move on to other aspects of care for now. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client who has been on bed rest for an extended period is now starting to ambulate. Which of the following is the most important action for the PSW to take?

<p>Monitoring the client for dizziness or weakness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client insists on wearing a specific outfit unsuitable for the weather, despite the PSW's advice. What should the PSW do?

<p>Respect the client's choice and allow them to wear their preferred outfit. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assisting a client with meals who has difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), what is the most important safety consideration for the PSW?

<p>Positioning the client upright and ensuring they are alert. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with dementia in personal hygiene care. The client becomes agitated and refuses to cooperate, making it challenging to complete the task. What is the most appropriate action the PSW should take?

<p>Stop, and try again later. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assisting a client who is visually impaired with meal selection, what is the MOST effective way for the PSW to ensure they make an informed choice?

<p>Read out all available menu options, including detailed descriptions, in a clear and audible voice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During ambulation, a client begins to fall. Which action demonstrates the best practice for a PSW to ensure safety?

<p>Ease the client gently to the floor, protecting their head and extremities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client with a history of dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) is observed coughing frequently during meal times while under your care. Beyond immediate reassurance, what is the PSW's MOST important next step?

<p>Document the observation and report it promptly to the supervising nurse or appropriate healthcare professional. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mr. Risk has long, thick, curling toenails and foul-smelling feet, and you want to provide foot care. To determine if this is within your scope of practice as a support worker, what is the MOST appropriate step to take?

<p>Consult the care plan and discuss with your supervisor to confirm the specific guidelines and any limitations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When brushing a client's hair that is not matted or tangled, which technique is MOST effective for promoting scalp health and distributing natural oils?

<p>Start at the scalp and brush toward the hair tips to distribute oils and promote circulation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mr. Lee wants his hair washed, but the care plan does not specify the procedure. What is the MOST appropriate action for the PSW to take?

<p>Refer to the care plan and follow the specific instructions, or seek guidance from a supervisor if the plan is unclear. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When shaving Mr. Lee with a blade razor, what is the MOST important step to ensure a safe and comfortable shave?

<p>Moisten the beard with warm water before shaving to soften the hair. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During shaving, Mr. Lee is nicked and starts to bleed slightly. After ensuring your own safety, what IMMEDIATE action should the PSW take?

<p>Apply direct pressure to the nick to stop the bleeding. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is MOST conducive to the growth of most, but not all, microbes?

<p>Warmth, moisture, and darkness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might a systemic infection manifest differently than a local infection?

<p>A systemic infection involves the whole body and causes generalized symptoms, whereas a local infection is confined to one area. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the chain of infection relate to the transmission of pathogens?

<p>It explains the process by which pathogens spread from one person to another. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During a pandemic, what differentiates it from a typical epidemic in terms of scope and impact?

<p>A pandemic spreads over a large region, potentially worldwide, whereas an epidemic is more localized. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important reason for healthcare facilities to monitor and track health care-associated infections (HAIs)?

<p>To identify areas for improvement in infection control practices and reduce the spread of infections within the facility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the underlying principle behind vaccinations in preventing communicable illnesses?

<p>Vaccinations stimulate the body’s immune system to develop protection against specific pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client displays a change in behaviour, even without a fever or pain complaints. Why is this significant for a PSW to report?

<p>It could be the only sign of an infection, especially in older adults. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does understanding the 'portal of exit' in the chain of infection help in preventing the spread of pathogens?

<p>It focuses on blocking the means by which pathogens leave an infected person, reducing transmission opportunities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following BEST describes the comprehensive process of nutrition?

<p>The ingestion, digestion, absorption, and utilization of foods and fluids by the body. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is protein a crucial component of a balanced diet?

<p>It plays a vital role in tissue growth and repair. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which dietary approach is emphasized by Canada’s Dietary Guidelines?

<p>A diet that focuses on reducing overall fat consumption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the Food Guide, what is the recommended daily serving of grain products for women over the age of 50?

<p>6 servings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which combination of food groups typically contains the highest amounts of fat?

<p>Milk products and proteins. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'Daily Value' (DV) on a nutrition label indicate?

<p>The amount of a nutrient that should be consumed daily. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important reason for providing regular oral hygiene?

<p>To maintain dental health and prevent potential health issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a PSW offer or assist with perineal care?

<p>During scheduled bath times, or whenever the area is soiled. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of providing a back massage to a client?

<p>To relax muscles and enhance circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to ensure that the foreskin is returned to its normal position after cleaning during perineal care for a male client?

<p>To prevent swelling and impaired circulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What DIPPS principle should a PSW follow while changing an incontinence brief?

<p>Ensure Dignity, Independence, Privacy, Preferences, and Safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assisting a client with grooming, what is the MOST important consideration for a PSW?

<p>Following the client's care plan and promoting independence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client has a bleeding problem. Before shaving a client, what should the PSW do FIRST?

<p>Consult the client's care plan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it crucial for PSWs to promptly report any observed foot or nail problems in clients to their supervisors?

<p>To facilitate timely intervention and prevent potential complications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do elastic bandages or anti-embolic stockings require careful application?

<p>To prevent circulation problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When transferring a client from the bed to a chair, and the client has a weaker side, how should the PSW position the chair?

<p>Position the chair so the client transfers <em>away</em> from their weaker side, towards their stronger side. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client is on bed rest to promote healing after surgery; Which of the following potential complications is MOST directly related to decreased circulation?

<p>Orthostatic hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client reports feeling dizzy when moved from a lying to a sitting position. Which action is MOST appropriate for the PSW to take immediately?

<p>Help the client slowly sit back down or lie back down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

You're assisting a client with limited mobility to reposition in bed. Which technique will MOST effectively minimize friction and shear on the client's skin?

<p>Lifting the client slightly while repositioning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client is using a cane for ambulation. How can the PSW BEST ensure the cane is the correct height?

<p>The cane handle should be at wrist level when the client stands with their arm relaxed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client who is recovering from a stroke has weakness on their left side. When assisting them to stand, where should the PSW position themselves?

<p>On the client's weak (left) side to provide support and prevent a fall. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During passive range-of-motion exercises, a PSW notices the client's joint is warm, red, and painful. What is the MOST appropriate action?

<p>Stop the exercises and report the observations to the supervisor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assisting with ambulation, what is the MOST important reason to observe the client's face?

<p>To monitor for signs of pain, fatigue, or distress. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to avoid twisting your body when lifting or moving a client?

<p>Twisting puts excessive strain on the spine and increases the risk of injury. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the BEST example of promoting a client's right to privacy while assisting with a bed bath?

<p>Closing the door and only exposing the body part being washed. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When log-rolling a client, why is it important to maintain proper body alignment?

<p>To prevent injury to the client's spine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these actions would BEST protect the PSW from injury while moving a heavy object?

<p>Requesting assistance from another PSW. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When assisting a client with ambulation using a walker, what instruction should the PSW give regarding the walker in relation to the client?

<p>The walker should be advanced a short distance in front of the client. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does inactivity or bed rest affect a client’s mental well-being?

<p>It can have a negative impact on one's mental state. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using a trochanter roll for a client who is immobile?

<p>It prevents the hip/leg from turning outward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bed position involves lowering the head of the bed and raising the foot of the bed?

<p>Trendelenburg position (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is preparing to make a client's bed. What principle is MOST important to prevent skin breakdown?

<p>Making sure the bottom sheet is wrinkle-free. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When handling soiled linen, which action is MOST important for the PSW to take?

<p>Holding the linen away from their body and uniform. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client is using an alternating pressure mattress. What should the PSW be aware of regarding its use?

<p>It requires careful monitoring to ensure proper function and client safety. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When making a closed bed, what is the defining characteristic?

<p>The top linens are pulled up and the bed is neatly arranged, indicating it's unoccupied. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A disposable waterproof pad is ordered for a client's bed. Where should the PSW place this pad for optimal protection?

<p>Under the bottom sheet to protect the mattress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which action demonstrates the correct understanding of crib safety rules?

<p>Ensuring the mattress fits snugly within the crib frame. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for PSWs to be aware of their clients' caffeine intake?

<p>Excessive caffeine can lead to adverse effects such as anxiety or insomnia. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST important reason for a PSW to record a client's food and fluid intake and output?

<p>To monitor the client's nutritional status and fluid balance, preventing harm from imbalances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client with type 1 diabetes requires careful monitoring of food intake. Why is this necessary?

<p>To ensure appropriate insulin dosage based on dietary intake. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mr. Lund has Parkinson’s disease, affecting his swallowing. During feeding, he closes his mouth and refuses to eat. What should the PSW do FIRST?

<p>Gently encourage him, respecting his pace, and report the issue to the supervisor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Health Canada’s Dietary Guidelines?

<p>To promote informed food choices and healthy eating habits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT typically affect a client's eating habits and nutrition?

<p>The client’s favorite TV shows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with ambulation who suddenly feels faint and starts to fall. After ensuring the client's immediate safety, what is the MOST important next step the PSW should take?

<p>Assess the client for any injuries and report the incident according to facility protocol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client consistently refuses to wear their prescribed compression stockings, despite the PSW's explanations about their importance for circulation. What is the MOST appropriate course of action for the PSW?

<p>Document the client's refusal and inform the supervising nurse or healthcare provider. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is caring for a client with a known infection. To best prevent the spread of infection, the PSW should prioritize:

<p>Practicing consistent and thorough hand hygiene. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client is under Transmission-Based Precautions due to a respiratory infection. Which action indicates that the PSW understands how to correctly implement these precautions?

<p>Wearing a mask, gown, and gloves when providing direct care and removing them before exiting the room. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important consideration for a PSW regarding sterile technique?

<p>Ensuring that a sterile item only comes into contact with another sterile item. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After assisting a client with toileting, a PSW accidentally sticks themselves with a needle used for the client's medication. What is the PSW's MOST important next step?

<p>Report the incident immediately to a supervisor, even if the bleeding is minimal. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting with moving a client up in bed. Which action demonstrates the best understanding of proper body mechanics?

<p>Keeping the back straight, bending the knees, and using leg muscles to assist with the move. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A client who uses a walker reports feeling weak and unsteady. Before assisting the client to ambulate, what is the MOST important action for the PSW?

<p>Ensuring the client is wearing non-skid footwear and assessing their current strength and balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While repositioning a client in bed, the PSW notices the client's skin is red and blistered over a bony prominence. What action should the PSW take FIRST?

<p>Reposition the client off the affected area and report the skin changes to the supervisor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is it MOST important for the PSW to use a mechanical lift?

<p>A client who is completely unable to bear weight and requires full assistance with transfers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using pillows and supports when positioning a client in bed?

<p>To maintain proper body alignment, promote comfort, and prevent skin breakdown. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST accurate definition of 'body mechanics'?

<p>Using the body in an efficient and careful way; good posture and balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is preparing to assist a client with ambulation using a gait belt. What is the primary purpose of using a gait belt?

<p>To provide a secure point of contact for the PSW to support and stabilize the client. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When moving a client, what does 'DIPPS' refer to?

<p>A set of principles to ensure client safety and dignity during transfers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions MOST accurately demonstrates proper hand hygiene technique?

<p>Using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, covering all surfaces of the hands, and allowing them to air dry. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the MOST appropriate action when making an occupied bed?

<p>Ensuring the client is positioned comfortably and safely while changing the linens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with limited mobility to change positions in bed. Which technique should the PSW use to minimize friction and shearing on the client's skin?

<p>Lift the client slightly to reposition instead of sliding or pulling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element in the chain of infection can be disrupted by practicing proper hand hygiene and using personal protective equipment (PPE)?

<p>Mode of transmission (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When should a PSW wear gloves as part of their personal protective equipment (PPE) to effectively prevent the spread of infection?

<p>Whenever handling potentially infectious materials, such as bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is responsible for providing care to a client with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) who is in isolation. The PSW needs to enter the client's room to assist with activities of daily living. Which combination of personal protective equipment (PPE) should the PSW wear, considering the specific requirements for MDR-TB?

<p>Gloves, a gown, and an N95 respirator (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While providing care to a client who recently lost a loved one, a PSW wants to use effective interpersonal communication to offer support. Which approach would be most appropriate for the PSW in this situation?

<p>Employ active listening skills, maintain eye contact, and provide open-ended questions to encourage the client to express their feelings. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is conducting a conversation with a client who is going through a difficult time due to a recent life-changing event. To demonstrate empathetic listening, the PSW should:

<p>Allow the client to express their feelings without interruption, providing emotional support and validation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client in moving from the bed to a wheelchair. What is the correct technique to use when helping the client during this transfer?

<p>Bend the knees and keep the back straight while assisting the client. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is preparing to move a client who is bedridden and needs to be transferred to a wheelchair. The client has a history of hip fractures and limited mobility. The client weighs significantly more than the PSW. Which of the following is the most appropriate action the PSW should take?

<p>Request assistance from another staff member and use the mechanical lift to transfer the client . (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While assisting a client with range-of-motion exercises, the PSW notices that the client is experiencing discomfort and resistance during a particular movement. What should the PSW do in this situation?

<p>Stop the exercise immediately and report the discomfort to the healthcare team. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting an elderly client in a long-term care facility who has a high risk of falls. The client asks to use the bathroom but is unsteady on their feet. What should the PSW do to minimize the risk of a fall during this task?

<p>Use a gait belt and provide support while assisting the client to the bathroom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with their meal, and the client is having difficulty swallowing (dysphagia). Which of the following actions should the PSW take to ensure safe feeding for the client?

<p>Provide thickened liquids and soft, manageable food textures as recommended by the speech therapist. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is preparing to make an occupied bed for a client. Which step should the PSW prioritize for infection control and safety?

<p>Ensure the bed linens do not touch the floor during the process. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is providing oral hygiene care to a client with limited mobility and cognitive impairment. The client clenches their teeth tightly and refuses to open their mouth during the care routine. What is the most appropriate action for the PSW to take in this situation?

<p>Respect the client's choice and move on to other aspects of care for now. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with grooming and dressing. The client has a preference for wearing a specific outfit that is not suitable for the current weather conditions. The PSW advises the client to choose a more weather-appropriate outfit, but the client insists on wearing their preferred clothing. What should the PSW do in this situation?

<p>Respect the client's choice and allow them to wear their preferred outfit. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with dementia in personal hygiene care. The client becomes agitated and refuses to cooperate, making it challenging to complete the task. What is the most appropriate action the PSW should take in this situation to provide effective personal hygiene care?

<p>Modify the approach, prioritize tasks, and ensure the client's safety and comfort. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A PSW is assisting a client with a spinal cord injury in personal hygiene care. The client has limited mobility and sensation below the waist. While providing perineal care, the client expresses pain and discomfort and asks the PSW to stop. What should the PSW do to ensure the client's comfort and dignity?

<p>Respect the client's request, stop the care immediately, offer support, and notify the supervisor. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Infectious Agent

An infectious agent or pathogen.

Reservoir

The place where a pathogen lives and multiplies.

Portal of Exit

The way a pathogen leaves the reservoir.

Mode of Transmission

How the pathogen travels from one host to another.

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Portal of Entry

How a pathogen enters a new host: e.g., mucous membrane, wound.

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Susceptible Host

A person at risk of infection.

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Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Wearing gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection to prevent the spread of infection.

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Active Listening

Listening attentively, maintaining eye contact, and asking open-ended questions to encourage expression.

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Empathetic listening

Listening to understand a client's feelings without interruption, offering support and validation.

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Safe transfer technique

Bend your knees and keep your back straight to protect yourself.

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Transferring a high-risk client

Use a mechanical lift and ask for assistance from another staff member.

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Client discomfort during ROM exercises

Stop the exercise immediately and report the discomfort to the healthcare team.

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Preventing falls with unsteady clients

Use a gait belt and provide support while assisting the client to the bathroom.

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Assisting with dysphagia

Modifying food textures or thickening liquids to make swallowing easier.

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Safe Feeding Actions

Offer thickened liquids and soft foods as recommended by the speech therapist to ensure safe swallowing.

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Occupied Bed Safety

Ensure bed linens do not touch the floor to prevent the spread of infection.

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Client Refusal of Care

Respect the client's choice and move on, trying again later, or focusing on other care aspects.

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Respecting Client Preferences

Respect the client's choice and allow them to wear their preferred outfit.

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Responding to Agitation

Stop, step back, and try to understand their agitation, using a calm and reassuring approach.

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Observe and Report

Observe, record, and report any changes in the client’s condition or behaviour to the appropriate supervisor or healthcare professional.

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Reporting Suspected Abuse

Reporting suspected abuse immediately to the appropriate authorities and following the established reporting protocols of the facility.

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Client-Centered Care

Treat all clients with respect, dignity, and empathy, regardless of their age, gender, culture, or health condition.

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Alopecia

Hair loss. It can occur due to various factors, including genetics, medical conditions, or treatments.

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Brushing tangled hair

Start at the hair ends. This prevents pulling and breakage.

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Importance of brushing hair

Brushing helps remove dirt and distribute natural oils, keeping it soft and shiny.

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Hair washing procedure

The care plan. It provides specific instructions on how to provide care, including hair washing.

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Shaving preparation

Moisten the beard before shaving. This softens the hair and makes it easier to shave.

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Microorganism (Microbe)

A tiny life form only visible with a microscope; also called a "germ" or "bug."

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Normal Flora

Microbes that naturally live in or on the human body in specific locations.

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Pathogens

Microbes that cause illness or disease.

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Microbial Requirements

Warmth, moisture, and darkness.

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Modes of Microbe Transmission

Contact, droplet, airborne, vehicle, and vector.

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Symptoms of Infection

Fever, chills, aches, fatigue, nausea, rash, cough, etc.

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Local Infection

Infection in one specific body part.

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Multidrug-Resistant Organism (MRO)

A germ resistant to most antibiotics.

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Medical Asepsis

Practices that reduce and prevent the spread of pathogens.

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Hand Hygiene

Most important way healthcare workers prevent the spread of illnesses.

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PPE

Gloves, mask, gown, and eye protection.

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Infection

An illness caused by a pathogen.

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Multidrug-Resistant Organisms

Microorganisms that are resistant to many antibiotics.

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Isolation Precautions

Guidelines to prevent pathogen transmission, including standard and transmission-based practices.

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Standard Practices

Practices used for all clients, regardless of diagnosis.

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Transmission-Based Practices

Practices used for clients with specific contagious diseases.

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Disinfecting

Chemicals used to reduce the number of microbes on an item.

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Body Mechanics

Using good posture, balance, and the strongest muscles to move efficiently and carefully.

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Body Alignment

How body parts are positioned in relation to each other.

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Base of Support

Area on which an object rests.

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Transfer

Moving a client who can bear some weight.

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Lift

Moving a client who cannot bear weight, using a mechanical device.

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Prevent Friction and Shearing

The client's skin must be protected to prevent damage.

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Good Body Alignment

Maintain alignment of head, trunk, arms, and legs.

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Support Worker Risk

Workers are at high risk of back injuries due to lifting and moving clients.

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Friction

Skin rubbing against a surface.

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Repositioning Frequency

Reposition immobile clients every 2 hours to prevent pressure sores.

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Supine Position

Back-lying position.

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Client in Chair: Feet Position

Feet should be flat on the floor or supported.

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Transferring a Client

Move the client's unaffected (stronger) side first.

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Toilet Transfer Safety

The client should not use towel bars for support.

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Bed Rest

Reduces physical activity, pain, and promotes healing.

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Contracture

Shortening of a muscle leading to lack of joint mobility.

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Passive ROM

Performed by a healthcare team member.

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Flexion

Involves bending a body part.

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Crutch Use Safety

Inspect the crutches. Ensure the bolts are tight.

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Trochanter roll

Keeps the hip aligned.

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Footboard

Helps prevent plantar flexion.

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Nutrition

The many processes involved in the ingestion, digestion, absorption, and use of foods and fluids by the body.

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Protein's Role

Needed for tissue growth and repair.

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Dietary Guidelines

Encourage a low-fat diet.

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Personal Hygiene

To clean the skin, teeth, mouth, genital area, and anus.

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Oral Hygiene

Keeps the mouth and teeth clean; prevents mouth odours, infections, and cavities; increases comfort; and makes food taste better.

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Bathing benefits

Helps keep skin, genital, and anal areas clean by removing microbes, dead skin, perspiration, and excess oils.

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Perineal Care Rule

Moving from the cleanest towards the dirtiest area.

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Importance of Hygiene

Needed for comfort, safety, and health.

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Back Massage Benefits

Relax muscles and stimulates circulation.

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Perineal Care

Helps prevent infection.

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Foreskin Care

Returned to its normal position after cleaning.

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Good Grooming

Promotes comfort, a positive sense of well-being, and self-confidence while preventing infection.

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Hair/Scalp Observation

Observe for any problems in the client’s hair or scalp and report any abnormal findings to the appropriate supervisor.

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Changing sanitary pads frequently

Preventing infection and promoting comfort and dignity.

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Client Participation

The client should be invited to participate in all grooming activities to promote the client’s sense of independence.

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Closed Bed

A bed made when it's expected to be unoccupied for a while, with top linens pulled up neatly.

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Open Bed

A bed made shortly before it's occupied; top linens are folded back for easy access.

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Occupied Bed

A bed made with the client already in it.

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Wrinkle-Free Bottom Sheet

Bottom sheet needs to be wrinkle-free to prevent skin irritation and potential bedsores.

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Trendelenburg Position

Head of the bed is lowered, and the foot of the bed is raised.

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Nutrient

Nutrients are ingested, digested, absorbed, and used by the body.

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Six Essential Nutrients

Substances in food that the body needs: proteins, carbs, fats, vitamins, minerals, and water

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Canada’s Dietary Guidelines

Publication promoting wise food choices.

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Nutritional Requirements

Differ throughout a person’s life cycle.

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Factors Affecting Eating & Nutrition

Personal choices, allergies, culture, religion, finances, appetite, illness, and age.

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Type 1 Diabetes: Intake Recording

Important to record the intake for every meal and snack.

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Intake & Output Recording

Necessary when caring for a client who is ill.

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Nutrients Definition

Substances that are ingested, digested, absorbed, and used by the body.

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Hospital Bed Features

Raising or lowering the bed; usually has bed rails.

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Alternating Pressure Mattress

When a client may be at risk for pressure injury.

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Bacteria

A single-celled microbe found on living, dead, and inanimate objects.

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Nonpathogen

A non-disease-causing microbe.

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Virus

Infects and disrupts living cells.

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Fungus

Lives on organic matter.

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Parasite

Gets nourishment by living off another organism.

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Lytic cycle

Takes over a living cell to grow and multiply.

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Lysogenic cycle

Multiplies and can stay dormant, activating later.

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Infection control

Policies preventing the spread of infection.

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Proper hand hygiene

Easiest way to reduce infection risk.

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Infection cycle

Includes risks, symptoms, and prevention of infection.

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Cleaning, disinfection, sterilization methods

Methods to eliminate or reduce harmful microbes.

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Transmission-based precautions

Practices for patients with known or suspected infections.

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Contaminated surfaces

Surfaces that may harbor pathogens.

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Handwashing

One of the best defenses against VRE and C-diff.

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C-Diff

Causes diarrhea from prolonged antibiotic use; an intestinal condition.

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C. difficile bacteria

Produces toxins damaging the bowel and causing diarrhea.

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MRSA

Bacterium resistant to most antibiotics, causing various infections.

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Symptoms of MRSA

Depends on the infected body system; sepsis, TSS, pneumonia.

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MRSA carriers

Individuals carrying MRSA without signs or symptoms.

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Spread of MRSA

Skin-to-skin contact and discharge of infected patients.

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Antibiotic treatment for MRSA

Multiple powerful IV antibiotics are used.

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Pathogen spread

Pathogens invade the body through objects or communicable diseases.

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Interpersonal Communication

Exchange of information between two individuals.

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Verbal Communication

Using spoken words to convey messages clearly.

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Nonverbal Communication

Conveying messages through body language and gestures.

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Written Communication

Documenting care accurately.

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Cultural Sensitivity

Respecting diverse backgrounds and preferences.

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Collaboration

Sharing observations for coordinated healthcare.

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Communication Barriers

Factors hindering effective information exchange.

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Client Needs Understanding

Identifying clients' preferences and concerns.

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Building Trust

Fostering positive relationships with clients.

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Ensuring Safety

Identifying and reporting health changes promptly.

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Coordinating Care

Sharing accurate information with the healthcare team.

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Emotional Support

Providing reassurance during challenging times.

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Cultural Respect

Bridging cultural differences through clear communication.

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Communication Considerations

Factors to assess before communicating.

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Physical Health

Affects communication effectiveness and clarity.

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Mental Health

Influences emotional responses during communication.

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Values

Personal beliefs that shape communication styles.

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Emotions

Feelings impacting how messages are conveyed.

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Beliefs

Convictions that affect communication perceptions.

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Gender

Influences communication styles and expectations.

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Communication Models

Frameworks explaining how messages are transmitted.

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Transmission Model

Message sent from sender to receiver.

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Interaction Model

Message confirmed by receiver for clarity.

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Sender-Receiver Relationship

Influences understanding and respect in communication.

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Passive Communicator

Avoids confrontation and expresses needs minimally.

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Communication Barriers

Obstacles that hinder effective communication.

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Interrupting

Disrupting the speaker's flow of conversation.

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Answering Own Question

Responding to oneself instead of engaging others.

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Examples of Passive Communication

Includes silence, agreement, and unnecessary apologies.

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Study Notes

  • Midterm covers Weeks 1-6 of the course
  • Week 1 includes Infection Control and Interpersonal Communication from Chapters 9 and 19
  • Week 2 includes Body Mechanics, Moving, Positioning, Transferring, and Lifting the client, covered in Chapter 14
  • Week 3 includes Exercise and Activity, covered in Chapter 15
  • Week 4 includes Beds and Bed Making, and Assisting a Client with Feeding, covered in Chapters 21 and 27
  • Week 5 includes Assisting a Client with Oral Hygiene, Grooming, and Dressing from Chapters 17 and 18
  • Week 6 includes Personal Hygiene from Chapter 17
  • The midterm consists of 55 questions
  • Approximately 50 questions are multiple choice
  • Approximately 3 questions are short answer
  • Approximately 2 questions are mix/match
  • The midterm is worth 20% of the final grade
  • The duration of the midterm is 90 minutes
  • Mode of transmission can be disrupted by practicing proper hand hygiene and using personal protective equipment (PPE)
  • Gloves should be worn whenever handling potentially infectious materials, such as bodily fluids or contaminated surfaces to effectively prevent the spread of infection
  • For a client with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in isolation, the PSW should wear gloves, a gown, and an N95 respirator
  • When providing care to a client who recently lost a loved one, employ active listening skills, maintain eye contact, and provide open-ended questions to encourage the client to express their feelings
  • To demonstrate empathetic listening, allow the client to express their feelings without interruption, providing emotional support and validation
  • The correct technique to use when helping the client during a transfer is bend the knees and keep the back straight while assisting the client
  • If the client weighs significantly more than the PSW and has a history of hip fractures and limited mobility, request assistance from another staff member and use a mechanical lift to transfer the client
  • If the client experiences discomfort and resistance during a range-of-motion exercises, stop the exercise immediately and report the discomfort to the healthcare team
  • To minimize the risk of a fall while assisting an elderly client, use a gait belt and provide support while assisting the client to the bathroom
  • To ensure safe feeding for a client with difficulty swallowing (dysphagia), provide thickened liquids and soft, manageable food textures as recommended by the speech therapist
  • When preparing to make an occupied bed for a client, ensure the bed linens do not touch the floor during the process for infection control and safety
  • If a client clenches their teeth tightly and refuses to open their mouth during oral hygiene care, the appropriate action is to respect the client's choice and move on to other aspects of care for now
  • If a client insists on wearing their preferred clothing that is not suitable for the current weather conditions, respect the client's choice and allow them to wear their preferred outfit
  • When assisting a client with dementia in personal hygiene care, and the client becomes agitated and refuses to cooperate, modifying the approach, prioritizing tasks, and ensuring the client's safety and comfort is the appropriate action
  • if a client expresses pain and discomfort, respect the client's request, stop the care immediately, offer support, and notify the supervisor to ensure the client's comfort and dignity

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