Audition 4
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What is the main effect of psilocybin on auditory-responsive cells in the primary auditory cortex?

  • Psilocybin inhibits the reduction in firing activity of auditory-responsive cells. (correct)
  • Psilocybin increases the sensitivity to lower sound intensities. (correct)
  • Psilocybin reduces the firing activity of auditory-responsive cells.
  • Psilocybin increases the firing activity of auditory-responsive cells.

    • What is the link between psilocybin and tinnitus?

  • Psilocybin worsens tinnitus symptoms.
  • Psilocybin has no effect on tinnitus.
  • Psilocybin can potentially be used to treat tinnitus. (correct)
  • Psilocybin is directly responsible for causing tinnitus.

    • What does the term "stimulus specific adaptation" refer to?

  • The process of learning new information.
  • The ability of the brain to adapt to changes in the environment.
  • The increase in response to novel stimuli.
  • The decrease in response to repeated stimulation. (correct)

    • What effect does psilocybin have on stimulus specific adaptation in the auditory cortex?

    <p>Psilocybin inhibits stimulus specific adaptation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary auditory cortex responsible for?

    <p>Processing auditory information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential clinical implication of neuroplasticity?

    <p>Development of new drugs. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to investigate the effects of psilocybin on auditory cortical plasticity?

    <p>Two-photon microscopy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ʻimpairing stimulus specific adaptation' mean in the context of the research?

    <p>The brain becomes less efficient at filtering out repeated sounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of homologous area adaptation?

    <p>It occurs in the same brain region but on opposite sides of the brain. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does homologous area adaptation primarily occur?

    <p>Primarily during the early stages of development. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the research on stroke recovery suggest about the limitations of homologous area adaptation?

    <p>Homologous area adaptation has some limits and not all functions are equally adaptable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened to the patient in the study who suffered a severe stroke destroying almost the entire left hemisphere?

    <p>The patient could read words but not nonwords. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on the stroke patient reveal about word reading activation in the right hemisphere?

    <p>Word reading activated a broadly distributed network in the right hemisphere. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the study on the stroke patient reveal about attempts to read nonwords?

    <p>Attempts to read nonwords activated only a few scattered areas in the left hemisphere. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be concluded from the study on the stroke patient regarding phonological construction?

    <p>Phonological construction is not easily transferred to the right hemisphere. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the study about the stroke patient highlight about the limits of homologous area adaptation?

    <p>Homologous area adaptation has limitations, and not all cognitive functions are equally adaptable. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary rationale for investigating the therapeutic potential of psychedelics, based on the given text?

    <p>Psilocybin may trigger increased neuroplasticity, potentially facilitating the repair of damaged brain circuits. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the "breakthrough therapy" status granted by the FDA for psilocybin treatments?

    <p>It represents a commitment from the FDA to expedite the development and review process for psilocybin-based therapies due to their promising potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the text describe the concept of critical periods in brain plasticity?

    <p>These periods are characterized by a high susceptibility to environmental influences shaping brain structure and function. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main underlying mechanism driving the 'critical period of plasticity'?

    <p>A period of heightened sensitivity to specific environmental stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of functional neuroplasticity?

    <p>Wallerian degeneration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'critical period' concept in terms of brain development?

    <p>It highlights the importance of early sensory experiences for shaping brain circuitry. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Schwann cells in nerve regeneration?

    <p>Schwann cells provide a guiding framework for severed axons to regrow towards their target cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key implication of the statement "under certain conditions, plasticity may be re-engaged"?

    <p>This indicates that plasticity is not entirely lost after critical periods, and there might be potential for therapeutic interventions to re-activate it. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Regarding the study by Hubel and Wiesel on ocular dominance, what was the key finding?

    <p>Visual experience can significantly alter the normal distribution of ocular dominance in the visual cortex. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The concept of 'homologous area adaptation' in functional neuroplasticity refers to:

    <p>The recruitment of similar brain regions to take over the function of a damaged area. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'Compensatory Masquerade' contribute to functional neuroplasticity?

    <p>By modifying existing neural pathways to enable different brain regions to perform tasks previously handled by the damaged area. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main idea behind the 'compensatory masquerade' mechanism of functional neuroplasticity?

    <p>The brain recruits existing neural pathways to perform a task in a different, less efficient way. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main takeaway from the text concerning the potential therapeutic implications of neuroplasticity?

    <p>Neuroplasticity offers the potential to repair damaged brain circuits and restore lost functions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of functional neuroplasticity?

    <p>Neural pruning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the experiments described in the text, what was the primary factor influencing the development of the critical period in the snow geese?

    <p>Environmental stimulation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'ocular dominance' refers to:

    <p>The degree to which a neuron in the visual cortex is more responsive to input from one eye compared to the other. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the experiment described in the text demonstrate the concept of a critical period for plasticity?

    <p>The experiment demonstrated that neural connections are more flexible during development, and the visual cortex can be permanently rewired during a critical period. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between the effects of closing one eye in a young kitten and in an adult cat, as demonstrated by the experiment?

    <p>The visual cortex in kittens can be permanently rewired during a critical period, while in adult cats, plasticity is more limited. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates the concept of "Homologous area adaptation" as a mechanism of neuroplasticity?

    <p>The brain rewiring itself to use undamaged areas to compensate for a lost sensory function, like vision. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of functional neuroplasticity discussed in the text?

    <p>Synaptic pruning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely reason for the absence of cortical cells responding to stimulation of the closed eye in the kitten experiment?

    <p>Functional disconnection between the deprived eye and the visual cortex. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies the concept of "Cross-model reassignment"?

    <p>A blind person learning to read Braille, using their sense of touch to decipher words. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the likely explanation for the lack of a permanent effect of closing one eye in an adult cat?

    <p>The absence of a critical period for plasticity in adult cats. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the provided text, what can be concluded about the relationship between visual experience and the development of the visual cortex?

    <p>Visual experience plays a crucial role in shaping the wiring and function of the visual cortex, particularly during a critical period. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why axon damage in the central nervous system (CNS) often leads to permanent conditions like blindness or paralysis?

    <p>The CNS environment inhibits axon regeneration due to factors like Nogo protein and glial cell signals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between axon regeneration in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the CNS?

    <p>PNS axons are more likely to regenerate than CNS axons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor that contributes to the challenges of axon regeneration in the CNS?

    <p>The efficient removal of axon debris, preventing regeneration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a region in the mammalian brain that retains a limited capacity for adding new neurons even in adulthood?

    <p>Spinal Cord (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between neurogenesis in the adult brains of fish and frogs compared to adult mammals?

    <p>Neurogenesis in fish and frogs is more widespread than in mammals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neurogenesis in the mammalian cerebral cortex is TRUE?

    <p>Neurogenesis in the cerebral cortex remains a topic of debate and further research is needed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The text specifically mentions that the recovery of the central nervous system from injury in adult mammals is:

    <p>Poor and limited. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the limited capacity for neuron regeneration in the adult mammalian brain?

    <p>The presence of inhibitory factors and limited neurogenesis compared to lower vertebrates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Course Information

    • Course name: CMSD5280 Audition II
    • Topic: Auditory Cognition and Perception I: Neuroplasticity
    • Instructor: Dr. Olivier Valentin, Ph.D.

    Nervous System Overview

    • The human nervous system has two parts: central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS)
    • The PNS lies outside the brain and spinal cord, playing a key role in sending information from the body to the brain and carrying out commands from the brain to the body.
    • The CNS is the processing center, managing bodily functions like thoughts, feelings, and movements. It consists of the brain and spinal cord.

    Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

    • The PNS consists of nerves that extend throughout the body.
    • The PNS is important for sending sensory information to the brain, and carrying out the brain's commands to the body.

    Central Nervous System (CNS)

    • The CNS is the processing center of the body; responsible for managing all functions from thoughts and feelings to movements
    • The CNS is composed of the brain and the spinal cord.

    Spinal Cord

    • The spinal cord is a long, narrow, tube-like structure made of nervous tissue.
    • The outer part of the spinal cord contains white matter tracts: sensory and motor axons
    • The inner part of the spinal cord contains grey matter: nerve cell bodies organized into columns.

    Brain

    • The brain is divided into the cerebrum, brainstem, and cerebellum.
    • The cerebrum is composed of two cerebral hemispheres.
    • Subcortical structures include the hippocampus, basal ganglia, olfactory bulb.
    • The cerebrum's hemispheres are divided by a deep groove called the longitudinal fissure.
    • Many brain functions are distributed across both hemispheres.

    Cerebellum

    • The cerebellum is often called the "little brain."
    • It is located in the back of the head, underneath the temporal and occipital lobes, and above the brainstem.
    • Similar to the cerebrum, it consists of two hemispheres.
    • The outer region contains neurons
    • The inner area facilitates communication with the cerebral cortex
    • Primary functions include coordinating voluntary muscle movements, and maintaining posture, balance, and equilibrium.

    Brainstem

    • The brainstem is composed of the midbrain, pons, and medulla.
    • The brainstem plays an important role in breathing, heart rate, arousal/consciousness, sleep-wake processes, attention, and concentration.
    • The brainstem includes relay stations for sensory and motor information, such as processing auditory information from the cochlear nucleus to the superior olivary complex.

    Cerebrum

    • The cerebrum is the brain's largest component, composed of two cerebral hemispheres.
    • Each hemisphere has a cerebral cortex, composed of the outer layers of grey matter and underlying white matter regions.
    • The main subcortical structures include Hippocampus, basal ganglia, and olfactory bulb.
    • It is involved in higher-order brain functions such as sensory perception, cognition, motor control, spatial reasoning, and language.
    • The neocortex is a set of layers within the cerebral cortex that plays a role in higher-order functions.
    • The neocortex is organized in 6 layers (I to VI) where different pyramidal neurons transmit information to other areas of the cerebral cortex; layers V&VI mostly send projections outside the cortex to the thalamus, brainstem, and spinal cord.
    • Pyramidal neurons are one of the most abundant type in the brain's cortex, having apical and basal dendrites.

    Cortical Areas

    • The cortex is generally divided into 3 main regions: sensory, motor, and association areas.
    • The sensory areas process information from the senses (taste, olfaction, vision, hearing, and touch)
    • Motor areas are linked to voluntary movements

    Association Areas

    • The association areas are regions within the cerebral cortex responsible for high-level processing
    • Linking sensory information to memory for the generation of behavior and for planning actions and movement.

    Neuroplasticity Mechanisms

    • Neuroplasticity is the brain's ability to adjust and change in response to stimuli or experiences, reorganizing neural pathways.
    • It can be categorized into structural and functional plasticity.

    Structural Neuroplasticity

    • Structural plasticity refers to changes in the physical structure of the brain such as the growth of dendrites and formation of synapses to modify neuronal connections.

    Functional Neuroplasticity

    • Functional plasticity refers to the adaptive changes in neuronal activity and brain function in response to stimuli
    • Homologous area adaptation refers to cognitive functions being assumed by the corresponding region in the opposite hemisphere. Map expansion involves the enlargement of a functional brain region, often due to frequent exposure to specific stimuli. Cross-model reassignment means introducing new sensory input in areas that have lost their original sensory inputs; this often happens when there is damage to a sensory area. Compensatory masquerade is when there's damage but the brain finds new ways to do a function previously handled by the damaged portion.

    Critical Periods of Plasticity

    • Critical periods are specific developmental time windows when the nervous system is more sensitive to stimuli and more readily adaptable to changes
    • These periods are strongly influenced by cellular changes and sensory experiences (e.g. hearing and vision).
    • Neurogenesis is believed to continue at low levels into adulthood but only in the hippocampus and olfactory bulb, not the cortex.

    Clinical Implications

    • Neuroplasticity plays a role in recovery after brain injury and trauma
    • Peripheral vs Central Nervous system has different recovery mechanisms

    Maladaptive Plasticity

    • Maladaptive plasticity occurs when new connections in the brain lead to aberrant or negative symptoms; often seen in conditions like tinnitus & cochlear implants

    Tinnitus

    • Tinnitus is a disorder characterized by a constant/high-pitched ringing/buzzing in the ears; a chronic/debilitating sensory problem
    • It occurs following hearing loss from maladaptive brain plasticity

    Cochlear Implants & Plasticity

    • Cochlear implants provide a form of sensory substitution

    Additional Points

    • The closure of critical periods is influenced by inhibitory circuit maturation and perineuronal net formation
    • Studies show that psychoactive substances (psychedelics) can be used to reopen plastic windows.

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