18 Questions
What is a characteristic of spatial deficits in hemispatial neglect?
Operating in multiple and dissociable coordinate systems
What is the primary neural correlate of extinction for neutral and negative facial expressions?
Amygdala
What is a key feature of the deficits associated with extinction and neglect?
Reflect physical damage to neural circuits
What is a characteristic of the attentional deficits in schizophrenia and ADHD?
Inhibitory deficit of irrelevant stimuli
What is the primary region of interest (ROI) in the neural correlates of extinction and awareness for neutral and negative facial expressions?
Amygdala
What is the effect of non-spatial stimulus attributes on the magnitude of neglect in hemispatial neglect?
Increases the magnitude of neglect
What is the primary characteristic of attention deficits in individuals with ADHD?
Made more errors of omission
Which brain region is associated with dynamic allocation of attention and flexibility?
Cingulate cortex
What is the primary function of selective attention in guiding behavior?
To prioritize neural processes
In ADHD individuals, what is the effect of unsuccessful inhibition on neural activation?
Reduced activation of cingulate cortex
What is the primary objective of studying patterns of inattention in neuropsychological patients?
To understand the role of attention in normal individuals
In the context of your research, what is the primary goal of investigating emotion-mediated inhibition on a test of visual short-term memory in schizophrenia?
To understand the role of emotion in visual short-term memory
What percentage of acute right hemisphere stroke patients are affected by Hemispatial Neglect?
2/3
According to Karnath et al. (2004), what type of analysis is used to compare neglect patients with healthy controls?
Voxelwise statistical comparison
What is the primary deficit in Hemispatial Neglect, according to the text?
Lack of awareness of objects and events contralateral to the lesion
What is one way in which spatial coordinates can be coded?
Relative to the individual's centre of gaze (retinotopic)
What is the name of the neurological syndrome associated with unilateral cortical lesions?
Hemispatial Neglect
What is the primary focus of the PS2011 module?
Selective Attention
Study Notes
Hemispatial Neglect
- Patient failed to detect differences on left side of image that fell on the right side of visual midline, indicating spatial deficits in hemispatial neglect
- Deficits operate in multiple (and dissociable) coordinate systems
- Magnitude of neglect is also affected by non-spatial stimulus attributes
- Hemispatial neglect is a neurological syndrome associated with unilateral cortical lesions
- Affects approximately 2/3 of acute right hemisphere stroke patients
- Presents as a lack of awareness of objects and events contralateral (opposite) the causal lesion
Emotion and Extinction
- Unilateral bilateral neutral bilateral negative neural correlates of extinction and awareness for neutral and negative facial expressions
- Amygdala responds to fearful, but not neutral, facial expressions
- Extinction reflects relative activation rather than absence of response to visual stimulus, indicating attentional not perceptual deficit
Attention and Psychopathology
- Deficits in attention characterize many psychiatric syndromes
- Inhibitory deficit (of irrelevant stimuli) is a core feature of Schizophrenia and ADHD
- Deficits of attention are a core characteristic of many types of psychopathology
Selective Attention and Schizophrenia
- ADHD group showed slower responses on go trials, faster responses on stop trials, made more errors of omission, and had more variable RTs
- Data reveal differential activation of neural circuits associated with attentional control in ADHD
- Reduced activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate during successful inhibition
- Reduced activation of cingulate cortex when inhibition fails
- Cingulate cortex is associated with dynamic allocation of attention (flexibility)
Selective Attention and ADHD
- Evidence of altered neurophysiological function despite task difficulty being equated and lack of medication in ADHD group
- Changes in neural activation correlated with parental ratings of children on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
- ADHD characterized by distinct pattern of activity across network of cortical areas associated with attention and control
Summary
- Attention coordinates competitive neural processes to guide coherent behavior
- Selective attention entails a network of neural areas that prioritize and schedule sensory and post-sensory processes
- Patterns of inattention in neuropsychological and pathological patients provide insights into the role of attention in “normal” individuals
Test your understanding of hemispatial neglect, spatial deficits, and emotion and extinction with this psychology quiz. Covers concepts from PS2011, including research studies and theories. Assess your knowledge of psychological principles and concepts.
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